Gallstones cause biliary obstruction in about 5 out of 1000 people, whereas 10 to 15% of the adult population in the United States will have gallstones at some point in their lives. Gall stones, also known as cholelithiasis, are the precursor of choledocholithiasis, which occurs when gall stones pass through the cystic duct and lodge in the common hepatic ducts, causing an obstruction. Routine labs and some specialized labs are used in the diagnosis of biliary blockage. Severe complications can happen if left unchecked such as damaging the hepatic dysfunction, renal failure, nutritional deficiencies, bleeding problems, and infections. Treatment depends on the causing effect of bile duct obstruction. Sphincterotomy with lithotripsy, choledochotomy, choledochoduodenostomy, choledochojejunostomy, or cholecystectomy are the most used for large gall stones treatment. This review looks at the prevalence, etiology and management of the disease.
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is an isolated chronic, usually bilateral, vasculopathy disease of undetermined etiology. The clinical presentations of MMD include TIA, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, seizures, headache, and cognitive impairment. Intra- and extra-cranial revascularization for the prevention of recurrence of bleeding in patients with hemorrhagic MMD is controversial. Surgical revascularization of MMD includes 3 types: Direct revascularization, indirect revascularization and combined revascularization. The surgical goal of cerebral revascularization is to prevent progression of symptomology, alleviate intracranial hemodynamic stress, and reduce the incidence of subsequent ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. However, surgical treatments pose various complications due to the sudden increase in cerebral blood flow or hemodynamic changes caused by perioperative risk factors and anesthesia, such as HS, cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction, bypass occlusion caused by distal vascular resistance, bypass occlusion caused by compression of the temporalis, and anastomotic aneurysm.
Background: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of women death in the world. It can emerge at any age, but women above 40 are more commonly affected. Objective: To assess the public awareness of women towards breast cancer and methods of screening, and to determine the relationship between level of awareness with different socio-demographic factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among women of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, via non-probability sampling technique. Data collection was done through online self-administered questionnaire. Results: Total 431 women were included in this study. Almost 40% were aged 18 to 30 years. The mean awareness score of participants was 17.3 ± SD 3.5 out of a total of 24 points. More than half of females revealed good awareness (52.7%). In addition, about 72.6% women knew that breast cancer is very common and most of them admitted that different methods of screening are not harmful but useful. Breast lump was most frequently recognized symptom of breast cancer. Furthermore, significant associations were found between level of awareness and age, marital status, occupational status, and age of menarche. Conclusion: The results showed intermediate level breast cancer awareness and screening methods. However, this level still insufficient. Therefore, educational interventions are recommended to provide awareness of breast cancer. Above listed associated factors should be considered while applying these interventions.
Soft tissue injuries (STI) is the damage of muscles, ligaments and tendons and they are one of the most common injuries that also being presented to the different emergency department but often approached differently. Accident and emergency (A&E) services frequently see acute soft tissues injuries. To achieve the best potential results for patients with soft tissue injuries, the quality of emergency department (ED) care offered is crucial. The unstable situations of injured people are caused by these critical aspects, which include polytrauma in many cases, a lack of precise recovery periods, the use of definite tissue flaps, and the type of circulation. Soft tissue injuries are also sometimes complicated with another injury.
Thermite is a metal powder and metal oxide mixture that is pyrotechnic. Thermite conducts an exothermic decrease oxidation process (redox) when inflamed by the heat or chemical reaction. Burning thermite or magnesium produces predominantly thermal injury that may be considered identical to deep partial- or full-thickness thermal burns. While exposure to incendiary metals can occur in many settings, serious burns are most likely to result from industrial or military incidents. The main cause of thermal damage in combustion thermite or magnesium is the identical to the profound burning thermal burning of partial or total thickness. Thermite incendiaries can create several tiny, deep, dispersed molten iron burns. Local anesthetic may make this feasible. Outcomes and complications of incendiary metal burns are similar to other thermal injuries. In this paper we overview magnesium and thermite poisoning dermatologically and their management.
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