The aim of the investigations was to determine the effect of composting municipal waste with various added substances (starch, edible oil or urea) on the content of selected forms of zinc, cadmium, copper and lead, the quality of organic matter and counts of some groups of physiological microorganisms. The above properties of compost may provide the basis for assessment of the composting process efficiency. The research object was biomass prepared from plant and other biodegradable waste generated in the area of Krakow. The biomass for composting was prepared from the following organic waste: deciduous tree chips, chicory coffee production waste, grass and tobacco waste. There were two stages of the composting process: I-lasting for 14 days, to obtain "heated" compost, and II-lasting for 210 days, when starch, edible oil or urea was added to the composted biomass. The total content of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb determined in the analyzed composts does not pose a threat to the purity of the soil environment. The content of water-soluble forms of trace elements and forms bound to organic matter was affected by the loss of organic matter, chemical properties of a given element and the addition of supplement, mainly urea, to the composted biomass. Analysis of the fractional composition of humic compounds revealed higher values of the Cha:Cfa ratio in the composts with added edible oil or urea than in the other composts, which may indicate a much more advanced decomposition process of the material subjected to composting. Among the analyzed microorganisms, bacteria were most numerous in the composts. The introduction of urea to the composted biomass reduced microbial activity. Adding starch or oil stimulated microbial development and may have stimulated the composting process.
Organic carbon concentrations in soil, irrespective of the year of research increased significantly after application of organic materials for the soil fertilization in comparison with the soil from the NPK mineral treatment. The content of low molecular humus compounds extracted from soil using H2SO4 solution was small, regardless of the applied fertilization or year of research. However, after the third year of research a significant increase in this humus fraction content was noted in soil of all treatments where fertilization was applied. After the third year of research, carbon content in alkaline extract rose significantly in soil of all treatments where fertilization with organic materials was applied, in comparison with the soil from mineral NPK treatment. The content of humic acid carbon in soil was lower than fulvic acid carbon, which resulted in lower than one values of Cha : Cfa ratio. However, obtained results point to marked increase in both humus fractions in results of residual effect of applied fertilization. Residual effect of applied fertilization apparently increased the value of absorbance coefficient A4/6, which points to a decreased degree of condensation of humic acid molecule and greater aliphatisation.
Introduction and purpose of the work: Rheumatic diseases are chronic diseases that cause symptoms in many systems of the human body. Their most common symptoms include pain and symptoms of arthritis, their deformities, fatigue, and malaise. The aim of the article is to present the symptoms and mental disorders occurring in the course of selected rheumatic diseases. State of knowledge: The psychological symptoms are characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus. Specified is a form of lupus called NSPLE (neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus), which includes neuropsychiatric symptoms in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus. Psychiatric symptoms are also present in the course of other rheumatic diseases. Neuropsychiatric symptoms may affect up to 80% of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome, with 50% to 80% ahead of diagnosis. It has been proven that systemic slcerosis causes microvascular damage, which may cause neuropsychiatric symptoms in the form of mood disorders, anxiety and cognitive disorders. In one study, 59% of patients with fibromyalgia experienced mania, which was more than twice as high as in the control group. Summary: In the course of all rheumatic diseases presented by us, there are symptoms and mental disorders. They are often mood, cognitive and sleep disturbances. It should be emphasized that the etiology of psychiatric symptoms is multifactorial.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multi-system genetic disease with an autosomal recessive inheritance mechanism. The breakthroughs in the therapy of patients with CF turned out to be modulators of CFTR protein function. These small-molecule substances, influencing the basic pathogenetic defect, became a model example of precise targeted therapy, thus showing a significant advantage over symptomatic treatment. For modulators of CFTR protein function, numerous therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated with an acceptable safety profile - improved lung function and reduced frequency of pulmonary exacerbations, reduced hospitalization rate, and disease-related improvement in quality of life. The use of these drugs changes the perception of CF from a fatal pediatric disease significantly shortening the life expectancy of patients into a chronic disease in young adults. The subject of further research interest is the development of alternative therapeutic strategies based on new modulators and gene therapy. The publication is a review of the literature and summarizes the current scientific reports on the effectiveness of the use of modulators of CFTR protein function in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
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