Background: The Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus), a deadly scorpion species living in the southern Iran. Objective: H. lepturus induces delayed toxicity symptoms and understanding the long term biodistribution/biokinetic of the venom is of great interest in toxinology. Methods: A Ga-67 labeled venom was prepared using a DOTA -conjugated venom followed by radiolabeling using 67GaCl3 at 40 ̊C in 90 min. The purification of the radiolabeled venom was performed using size exclusion-chromatography (radiochemical purity 71%). The radiolabeled venom was stable in the final solution and the presence of human serum at 37 ̊C for 72 hours. The tissue distribution was studied in blood, heart, liver, spleen, muscle, brain, kidney, intestine and skin tissues at intervals of 1, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours using tissue counting and SPECT imaging. Results: The radiolabeld venom mixture obtained with an estimated molar activity of 0.52 MBq/µg. The main accumulation tissues during the first 72 hours were kidneys, blood, liver, intestines, stomach and skin, respectively. Therefore, it is likely that H. lepturus’ clinical effects and renal toxicity are primary and caused by direct effects of the H. lepturus venom. Conclusion: The results have largely shown the direct clinical effects on the studied tissues during the 72-hour period and antivenom administration can strongly alleviate the toxicity effects as early as 72 hours in the management of the patients.
Background: Radiotherapy is one of the cancer treatment methods. Although radioresistance and normal tissue toxicity limit the radiation therapy in certain anatomical locations, using some substances can be useful to increase radiosensitivity on cancer cells without cytotoxicity effect on normal cells. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the radiosensitizing effect of tolmetin in radiotherapy treatment on human colon cancer cell line HT-29. Methods In this study, human colon cancer cells HT-29 in different groups were irradiated with 4 Gy x-ray, and tolmetin was administered in different concentrations (75, 100, and 150 μM). Then, the groups were compared with each other and with the control group by Micronucleus Assay (MN) and Nuclear Division Index (NDI). NDI investigated the cytotoxicity, and MN indicated the genotoxicity. Results: In the group receiving radiation, micronuclei increased significantly compared to the control group. In the group receiving tolmetin with a concentration of 75 and 100 μM, the number of micronuclei also increased compared to the control group. In all groups treated with tolmetin that also received radiation, a significant increase in micronuclei was observed, which was more noticeable at concentrations of 100 and 150 μM. At the same time, tolmetin at the studied concentrations did not change the NDI index. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that tolmetin has a radiosensitizing effect on HT-29 colon cancer cells, which depends on the tolmetin concentration. In addition, tolmetin has no cytotoxic effect on this cell line.
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