-IntroductionGovernment officials, first responders and the general public are increasingly looking to social media as a critical communication and monitoring tool for disaster management. Due to widespread press coverage and ease of data collection, Twitter in particular is viewed as a critical communication media for disaster management. Key advantages include crowd-sourcing, speed, and the ability to access from mobile devices. Key potential disadvantages include bias in user base; inaccurate, false, and out-of-date information; and reduction in access due to cell-tower and electricity outages. The discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of Twitter for disaster management is typically based on anecdotes and isolated case studies of usage during a disaster or in its immediate aftermath. Such studies, however, do not address the value of Twitter data for early warning and planning vis-à-vis disasters such as Tsunamis. For early warning and planning the key is not how do people use Twitter once the disaster has occurred; but, how can the normal usage of Twitter be leveraged to support early warning and planning? The relevant questions include: How can we leverage the information garnered from everyday normal uses of Twitter to improve disaster planning and inform an effective early warning system? How should Twitter data be collected to support early warning and planning for disasters? How can information extracted from the normal usage of Twitter be leveraged to support early warning and planning? In this paper, we address such questions for Padang Indonesia.This research is part of a larger effort that seeks to provide a socio-technical system that supports early warning and planning for Tsunamis. A key feature of this socio-technical system is the use of Twitter to provide early warning that a Tsunami is coming (Landwehr, et al, this issue), to provide up-to-date information and guidance for movement to shelters (Santos et al, this issue), and to support planning for Tsunami's (Landwehr, et al, this issue). Effective planning and alerts require knowing where the local population is, who is on-line, what languages they can communicate in, whom they communicate with, and who the local opinion leaders are. Such information cannot be adequately gained from a census, as a census only provides information on average and is typically out-of-date. In theory, social media has the potential to improve the accuracy and timeliness of this "census" information and so improve planning and alerts.To determine whether or not such "census" information is attainable from Twitter, its accuracy, and what collection strategy improves the information quality, a baseline analysis of the use of Twitter in Indonesia in general, and Padang in particular was conducted. This baseline assessment was then used to identify the best data collection strategy, which was then implemented in the Tsunami Warning and Response Social Media System (TWRsms) (Landwehr, et al, this issue), and to identify the limits of and biases in Twitter data tha...

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BACKGROUND In the United States, Black Americans are suffering from a significantly disproportionate incidence of COVID-19. Going beyond mere epidemiological tallying, the potential for actual racial-justice interventions, including reparations payments, to ameliorate these disparities has not been adequately explored. METHODS We compared the COVID-19 time-varying R t curves of relatively disparate polities in terms of social equity (South Korea vs. Louisiana). Next, we considered a range of reproductive ratios to back-calculate the transmission rates b i ®j for 4 cells of the simplified next-generation matrix (from which R 0 is calculated for structured models) for the outbreak in Louisiana. Lastly, we considered the potential structural effects monetary payments as reparations for Black American descendants of persons enslaved in the U.S. would have had on pre-intervention b i ®j and consequently R 0 . RESULTS Once their respective epidemics begin to propagate, Louisiana displays R t values with an absolute difference of 1.3 to 2.5 compared to South Korea. It also takes Louisiana more than twice as long to bring R t below 1. Reasoning through the consequences of increased equity via matrix transmission models, we demonstrate how the benefits of a successful reparations program (reflected in the ratio b b ®b / b w ®w ) could reduce R 0 by 31 to 68%. DISCUSSION While there are compelling moral and historical arguments for racial-injustice interventions such as reparations, our study considers potential health benefits in the form of reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk. A restitutive program targeted towards Black individuals would not only decrease COVID-19 risk for recipients of the wealth redistribution; the mitigating effects would also be distributed across racial groups, benefiting the population at large.

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