A pot experiment was conducted during a two-year period in order to evaluate and compare the salinity tolerance of 10 Iranian commercial cultivars of pomegranate. Pots were arranged in a split plot design with two factors included water salinity as main plot in 3 levels of 4, 7 and 10 dS/m and 10 pomegranate cultivars as sub-plot and 3 replications. The properties concerned during the experiment were vegetative growth, percentage of alive cuttings after 2 month and the necrosis and chlorosis of leaves. In the end of the experiment the vegetative yield and root dry weight were also measured. In addition, irrigation water, drainage water, soil in plots, root, stem and leaves were analyzed for elements such as Na + and Cl -. The obtained results indicated that the best vegetative growth conditions were related to Voshike -e-Saravan and Tab -o-Larz cultivars at 4 and 7 dS/m salinity levels, respectively. Moreover, the most significant percentage of alive cuttings was related to Voshike -e-Saravan cultivar at each of the three studied salinity levels. Similarly, this cultivar had the minimum values of leaves necrosis and chlorosis at all three levels of salinity. Furthermore, the highest level of fresh yield was related to Zagh cultivar at 4 dS/m salinity level. The highest values of total Na + and Cl -were observed in shoots and leaves of Zagh and Voshike -e-Saravan cultivars at 10 dS/m salinity level as well. In general, Voshike -e-Saravan is the most salinity-resistant cultivar among 10 studied cultivars. Besides, Malas -e-yazdi and Tab -o-larz can be planted as salinity resistant cultivars in the second hand. Other cultivar cuttings were not resistant in salinity and finally died (even after the second year) and three cultivars of Gabri, Malas -e-Esfahani and Khafri -e-Jahrom were the most sensitive cultivars with the lowest salinity resistance.
Soil organic matter (SOM) is arguably the most complex and least understood component of soils. To analyze SOM structure and reduce SOM large structural heterogeneity, different components of SOM need to be separated into entities that differ in terms of source, composition, and turnover. Pyrolysisgas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Pyrolysis-GC/MS) is to present the most effectual approach in the study of the pedogenesis of SOM; this uses thermal degradation to cleave bonds in the organic macromolecules and enables a sensitive and rapid characterization of organic constituents. Pyrolysis-GC/MS also aids the molecular characterization of microbial and plant-derived biomass and generates valuable data on the degradation and conservation rates of organic debris. This review provides an overview of commonly measured soil organic chemical constituents identified by Pyrolysis-GC/MS, including (i) aliphatics, fatty acids and sterols, (ii) carbohydrates, (iii) lignin, (iv) aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and (v) N-containing compounds.
ObjectivesPeriodontitis (PD) is one of the most common dental disorders. This chronic oral inflammation is caused by complicated interrelations between bacterial infections, dysregulated immune reactions, and environmental risk factors. A dysregulated immune response can lead to inflammatory bone resorption by allowing the recruitment of pro‐inflammatory immune cells to the periodontal tissues.SubjectsThe recruitment of innate and adaptive immune cells in PD initiates the acute and following chronic inflammatory processes. The inflamed tissues, on the other hand, can be restored if the anti‐inflammatory lineages are predominantly established in the periodontal tissues. Therefore, we aimed to review the published literature to provide an overview of the existing knowledge about the role of immune cells in PD, as well as their possible therapeutic applications.ResultsExperimental studies showed that drugs/systems that negatively regulate inflammatory cells in the body, as well as interventions aimed at increasing the number of anti‐inflammatory cells such as Tregs and Bregs, can both help in the healing process of PD.ConclusionTargeting immune cells or their positive/negative manipulations has been demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic method. However, to use this sort of immunotherapy in humans, further pre‐clinical investigations, as well as randomized clinical trials, are required.
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