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In this study, thermophilic biohydrogen production by a mixed culture, obtained from a continuous acidogenic reactor treating palm oil mill effluent, was improved by using granular activated carbon (GAC) as the support material. Batch experiments were carried out at 60 C by feeding the anaerobic sludge bacteria with a sucrose-containing synthetic medium at an initial pH of 5.5 under anoxic conditions. The physico-chemical characteristics of the attached biofilm were evaluated after extraction of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) of the biofilm using the formaldehyde-NaOH method. The main component of the biofilm was protein (60%), while the carbohydrate content accounted for 40% of the EPS. Two major absorption bands at approximately 3400 cm À1 and 1650 cm À1 , characteristics of the stretching vibrations of hydroxyl and amino groups, respectively, were identified in the FT-IR spectra, confirming the composition of the EPS. Observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated the attachment of rod-shaped bacterial cells on the GAC at 60 C. A maximum hydrogen production rate of 4.3 mmol L À1 h À1 and a hydrogen yield of 5.6 mol H 2 per mol sucrose were obtained from this attached biofilm system. The major soluble metabolites of fermentation were acetic acid and butyric acid. The results showed that the granular activated carbon enhanced the biohydrogen production by stabilizing the pH and microbial metabolites and therefore could be used as a support material for fermentative hydrogen production under thermophilic conditions on a large scale. Fig. 2 Batch kinetics of hydrogen production from sucrose with GAC-attached biofilm at 60 C and initial pH of 5.5. (a) Gompertz curve-fitting graph of cumulative gas production and (b) composition of soluble metabolites (acetic acid -HAc, butyric acid -HBu and ethanol -EtOH) and sugar consumption.19386 | RSC Adv., 2015,5,[19382][19383][19384][19385][19386][19387][19388][19389][19390][19391][19392] This journal is

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A B S T R A C TThe adsorption of POME using natural clay, montmorillonite, has been investigated. The reductions of three important parameters (chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and colour) in various influencing factors have been determined. The optimum conditions for mixing speed of the stirrer, contact time, dosage of adsorbent, concentration of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and pH were 300 rpm, 90 min, 5 g/L, 25% POME and pH 7, respectively. The removal reached more than 95% for all parameters. The experimental data were found to fit with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The intraparticle diffusion model controlled the adsorption process and, therefore, the diffusion of the solute into the inside pores of the adsorbent took places permanently (irreversible) because the particles were trapped inside the pores. This situation causes the adsorbent capacity to decrease and it cannot be used continuously prior to the regeneration or activation, both chemically and thermally.