Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is one of the most popular tropical fruit of SouthEast Asia. It has considerable economic potential for local and export markets. This paper describes a research work to determine the number of chromosomes and genome size of G. mangostana through chromosome counting, flow cytometry and k-mer analyses. Chromosome count analysis revealed that the chromosome number of G. mangostana varied from 74 to 110. The high number observed could be due to the occurrence of mutation and aneuploidy in G. mangostana. Using flow cytometry with Glycine max cv. Polanka (2C = 2.5 pg) used as standard, G. mangostana genome size was found to be 2C = 6.00 ± 0.17 pg. Meanwhile, a genome survey of G. mangostana was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2000 DNA sequencing; k-mer analysis revealed that the genome size of G. mangostana was approximately 5.92 Gbp, or approximately 6.05 pg (1 pg DNA = 0.9780 × 10 9 bp). Based on the flow cytometry and genome survey, the study concludes that the genome size of G. mangostana is between 6.00 and 6.05 pg.
The “Queen of Fruits” mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) produces commercially important fruits with desirable taste of flesh and pericarp rich in xanthones with medicinal properties. To date, only limited knowledge is available on the cytogenetics and genome sequences of a common variety of mangosteen (Abu Bakar et al., 2016 [1]). Here, we report the first single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing data from whole genome sequencing of mangosteen of Mesta variety. Raw reads of the SMRT sequencing project can be obtained from SRA database with the accession numbers SRX2718652 until SRX2718659.
Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (MARDI) is the country's major custodian of the nation's crops genetic resources. It has a global responsibility in the conservation of genetic resources of banana, sweet potato and citrus, and national responsibility for the conservation of crops, such as rice, tropical fruits and some herbs and medicinal plant species. MARDI rice seed genebank at Seberang Prai in the state of Penang was established in 1984 and currently holds 12,770 registered rice accessions, of which 53% are of local origin. In addition, MARDI also conserves genes in the field, mostly for underutilized tropical fruit genetic resources. At present, about 168 species of underutilized, rare and wild tropical fruit species consisting of about 2,000 accessions, the largest in the country, are being conserved. The species include "kuini" (Mangifera odorata), "bacang" (Mangifera foetida), "binjai" (Mangifera caesia), "cerapu" (Garcinia praniana), "rambai" (Baccaurea motleyana), "asam gelugor" (Garcinia atroviridis), "terap" (Arthocarpus odoratissimus) and "pulasan" (Nephellium rambutan-ake). The accessions are mostly conserved ex situ in field genebanks located at the various MARDI stations throughout the country. Although the conservation of the various crop species genetic resources is important, the real challenge is enhancing its utilisation. The main objective of the paper was to share and disseminate information related to works conducted and strategies opted by MARDI on the conservation and utilization of crop genetic resources. Information on species of crops that are available in MARDI's genebank was also highlighted together with brief information of some of the associated traits of significant importance posses by those genetic resources.
Seed priming may improve germination performance of rice under drought. The present study was conducted to investigate the dynamics of seed biochemical changes during priming and post-priming germination under drought and to correlate those biochemical properties with the germination performance of primed seeds. The priming treatments were non-priming as control, hydro-priming and osmo-priming at -0.3, -1.0 and -2.2 MPa. All seeds were germinated under different levels of drought stress: 0 MPa as control, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa. The germination performance of hydro- and osmo-primed seeds at -0.3 and -1.0 MPa under severe stress (-0.8 MPa) was better compared with control and osmo-primed seeds at -2.2 MPa. Hydro-priming and osmo-priming at -0.3 MPa significantly improved germination performance while germinated seeds of -1.0 MPa osmo-primed seeds recorded the highest root and total seedling length. Proline accumulation was significantly higher in seeds that were hydro-primed or osmo-primed at -0.3 or -1.0 MPa as compared with non-primed control seeds and seeds osmo-primed at -2.2 MPa. In addition, proline was significantly correlated with the starch and glucose content and α-amylase activity. Higher α-amylase activity would accelerate the process of starch hydrolysis into soluble sugar for embryo growth and development resulting in enhanced germination processes.
In Malaysia, environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been mandatory since 1988 as a proactive tool in environmental management for 19 prescribed activities. Since ecological information is an important component in EIA, this study examined the quality of ecological input in 41 preliminary EIAs for coastal resort development. Twelve criteria relating to ecological data, impact prediction, evaluation of impact significance, mitigating measures, residual impacts, monitoring, communication of the report and consultants were reviewed. Results revealed that only 27 percent of the EIAs were found to be satisfactory, whereas the others were at borderline or poor. In describing the existing environment, the majority of the reports made no mention of the survey methods, some of the data included were found to be not site-specific and up-to-date, and the sources of the secondary data presented in these reports were mostly not quoted. There was a tendency to survey terrestrial habitats more than aquatic, and higher plants are surveyed more than animals. Most of the reports also failed to mention the species status although comprehensive lists of species were present. They also failed to quantify the species present in the impacted areas which could lead to inadequate ecological impact prediction. The study also showed that, though all the reports contained a section on ecology, not all the EIA consultants involved in preparing these reports comprised of a multidisciplinary team that has an ecologist/biologist or environmental scientist.
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