Membrane distillation is a thermally driven membrane process for seawater desalination and purification at moderate temperatures and pressures. A hydrophobic micro-porous membrane is used in this process, which separates hot and cold water, allowing water vapor to pass through; while restricting the movement of liquid water, due to its hydrophobic nature. This paper provides an experimental investigation of heat and mass transfer in tubular membrane module for water desalination. Different operating parameters have been examined to determine the mass transport mechanism of water vapor. Based on the experimental results, the effects of operating parameters on permeate flux and the heat transfer analysis have been presented and discussed in details.
The authors have measured the sheath potential around a probe in a range of different plasma conditions in the UMIST quadrupole GOLUX and in a related experiment in which the plasma expands freely to supersonic velocity. In the latter case, the sheath potential agrees well with an appropriately modified form of the usual expression for a field-free plasma, for both hydrogen and argon plasmas. In GOLUX, however, the sheath potential is found to be significantly less than the accepted value, even when the magnetic field is taken into account. For the slow-moving plasma in the outer part of the quadrupole confining field, they present both theoretical and experimental results showing that the reduction is due to truncation of the electron velocity distribution as the probe drains electrons from a closed flux-tube faster than they can be replaced. In the central hot plasma, however, this explanation cannot apply. Here the plasma is moving at about sonic speed and magnetic effects are weak. Nevertheless the results are significantly different from those in the field-free experiment.
The Three Wave Hypothesis (TWH) has been proposed by Horodecki in 1981. Sanduk attributed TWH to a classical kinematical model of two rolling circles in 2007. In a previous project in 2012, it is shown that the position vector of a point in a system of two rolling circles can be transformed to a complex vector under the effect of partial observation. The present work tries to develop this concept of transformation. Under this transformation, it is found that the kinematical equations of the motion of point can be transformed to equations analogise the relativistic quantum mechanics equations. Many analogies have been found and are listed in a comparison table. These analogies may sagest that both of the quantum mechanics and the special relativity are emergent, and are of the same origin.
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