Among the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, triazoles emerge with superior pharmacological applications. Structurally, there are two types of five-membered triazoles: 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole. Due to the structural characteristics, both 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazoles are able to accommodate a broad range of substituents (electrophiles and nucleophiles) around the core structures and pave the way for the construction of diverse novel bioactive molecules. Both the triazoles and their derivatives have significant biological properties including antimicrobial, antiviral, antitubercular, anticancer, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant activities. These are also important in organocatalysis, agrochemicals, and materials science. Thus, they have a broad range of therapeutic applications with ever-widening future scope across scientific disciplines. However, adverse events such as hepatotoxicity and hormonal problems lead to a careful revision of the azole family to obtain higher efficacy with minimum side effects. This review focuses on the structural features, synthesis, and notable therapeutic applications of triazoles and related compounds.

tion of hydrogen. Electrolytic procedures, however, may turn out to be useful for washing and concentrating oil shale, and the hydrogen gas produced at the cathode would be a useful byproduct. Further work is in progress along these lines in our laboratory.Despite the substantial research on the reduction of O~ on platinum in phosphoric acid, the mechanistic aspects still remain very uncertain. The situation has become even more in question with the recent observation that the Tafel slope is almost independent of the temperature over the range 298--500 K, indicating that the apparent transfer coefficient is proportional to the temperature (1). In an attempt to gain further insight into the mechanistic aspects, polarization measurements for O~ reduction on Pt have been carried out in deuterated and undeuterated 85% H3PO4 at 25~ This article reports the preliminary results. ExperimentalThe most critical aspect of such isotope studies is that of reproducibility of surface and electrolyte conditions between the deuterated and undeuterated acid solutions. A major effort has been made to reproduce conditions and to eliminate impurity effects.The O2 reduction measurements have been made with the rotating disk electrode technique. The measurements were carried out in two identical Teflon cells, each consisting of a main working electrode compartment and two separate compartments for the reference and counterelectrodes (2). The working electrode was a disk electrode (Pine Instruments Company) with an area of 0.46 cm 2. The reference electrodes were reversible H2/H + and DJD § using a platinized-platinum surface. The counterelectrode was bright Pt.The working electrode surface was first polished with alumina (0.05 ~m) to a mirror finish, submerged in distilled water for 15 rain with ultrasonic vibrations, and then rinsed in distilled water, followed by purified H3PO4. The distilled water used in this work was prepared by reverse osmosis of tap water followed by distillation with a counterflow of N~ to purge volatiles such as COs and organics. The reverse osmosis-distillation system was assembled by B. D. Cahan at Case Western Reserve University and is based on a design developed by Gilmont and Silvis (3).A Pine Instruments RDE-3 bipotentiostat with input impedance of 10'2~ in the reference circuit and built-in triangular sweep generator was used for all measurements. The current-potential curves were recorded on a Yokagawa Electric Works Type 3086 X-Y recorder. Prior to electrochemical measurements, the Pt disk electrode was cycled several times between potentials of 1.0 and 0.3V vs. a reversible hydrogen or deuterium electrode (p = 1 atm) at a sweep rate of 10 mV/s. For preparation of the D3PO4 and H:~PO4 electrolytes, Mallinckrodt 85% HsPO4 was first purified with H~O~ ac-*Electrochemical Society Active Member. 'Permanent address: Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.cording to the procedure of Ferrier et al. (4). Two samples of this purified H3PO4, each 120 ml, were then placed in Teflon containers and concentrated by boiling...

Luteolin (LUT) is a natural pharmaceutical compound that is weakly water soluble and has low bioavailability when taken orally. As a result, the goal of this research was to create self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for LUT in an attempt to improve its in vitro dissolution and hepatoprotective effects, resulting in increased oral bioavailability. Using the aqueous phase titration approach and the creation of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams with Capryol-PGMC (oil phase), Tween-80 (surfactant), and Transcutol-HP (co-emulsifier), various SNEDDS of LUT were generated. SNEDDS were assessed for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), refractive index (RI), and percent of transmittance (percent T) after undergoing several thermodynamic stability and self-nanoemulsification experiments. When compared to LUT suspension, the developed SNEDDS revealed considerable LUT release from all SNEDDS. Droplet size was 40 nm, PDI was <0.3, ZP was −30.58 mV, RI was 1.40, percent T was >98 percent, and drug release profile was >96 percent in optimized SNEDDS of LUT. For in vivo hepatoprotective testing in rats, optimized SNEDDS was chosen. When compared to LUT suspension, hepatoprotective tests showed that optimized LUT SNEDDS had a substantial hepatoprotective impact. The findings of this investigation suggested that SNEDDS could improve bioflavonoid LUT dissolution rate and therapeutic efficacy.

The use of biomaterials in the synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the most up-to-date focuses in modern nanotechnologies and nanosciences. More and more research on green methods of producing metal oxide nanoparticles (NP) is taking place, with the goal to overcome the possible dangers of toxic chemicals for a safe and innocuous environment. In this study, we synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using Fortunella margarita leaves’ extract, which reflects its novelty in the field of nanosciences. The visual observation of a color change from dark green to bluish green clearly shows the instant and spontaneous formation of CuNPs when the phytochemicals of F. margarita come in contact with Cu+2 ions. The synthesis of CuNPs was carried out at different conditions, including pH, temperature, concentration ratio and time, and were characterized with UV-Vis absorption spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV-Vis analysis reveals the surface plasmon resonance property (SPR) of CuNPs, showing a characteristic absorption peak at 679 nm, while SEM reveals the spherical but agglomerated shape of CuNPs of the size within the range of 51.26–56.66 nm.

Natural biomaterials have favored human society for ages. Nevertheless, in late years, the tailoring of natural materials for diverse biomedical applications has turned into a core of attention, quarterbacked via...