The present paper aims to improve the effectiveness of an isolated water pumping system based on parallel wind turbine powertrains by using a nonlinear Integral Backstepping Controller (IBSC). In fact, the powertrain system with parallel Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG) is used to ensure the continuity of the power conversion system and to optimize the efficiency of generators. A three-phase PWM rectifier is implemented in the power system to convert the AC voltage obtained from parallel PMSG generators to a DC voltage. In fact, the regulated DC voltage will be supplied to a DC motor-driven water pump to control the tank level in the wind turbine pumping system. In this paper, the effective wind speed of a wind turbine is estimated by using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) instead of using anemometers. In addition, the Tip Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) method based on an Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller (AFLC) is performed to apply the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm for maximum power extraction from the available energy in the wind. Moreover, the Voltage Oriented Control (VOC) strategy is handled to control the currents of the three-phase rectifier. To evaluate the efficiency of the EKF estimator, the covariance and correlation coefficient between the estimated and measured wind speed are computed for each s 1 , while the AFLC and nonlinear IBSC controllers are evaluated by comparing their results with those obtained by the PI controller. For the wind speed estimation, the covariance and correlation coefficient results demonstrate that the EKF estimator has high accuracy with a 98% similarity between the estimated and measured wind speed. For the power extraction, the TSR based on adaptive FLC controller can extract slightly more wind energy than the PI controller. For tank level control, the nonlinear IBSC controller improves the efficiency of the wind turbine water pumping system by reducing the DC voltage surge and the overshoot of water level obtained by PI controller.
This paper aims to study the diffusion and localization of cold atoms in three-dimensional (3D) optical speckles by using the theory of self-energy for N diffusers. In this paper, the Self-consistent Born approximation (SCBA) is used to study the diffusion and localization of cold atoms in an optical disordered speckles, while the spectral function is adopted to study the effect of the matter waves energy and the disorder amplitude on the behaviour of cold atoms. For this purpose, the models of SCBA and spectral function are computed by a numerical algorithm. The calculation of the latter quantity involves the application of Simpson’s integration methods. The diffusion and localization of a Bose–Einstein Condensate for First-order Born Approximation (FBA) and SCBA models are presented. In addition, the diffusion time and the mean free path between two diffusers are illustrated. Moreover, the effect of disorder amplitude and the scattering of matter waves in 3D disordered potentials are highlighted. In this study, the results show that the time response of cold atoms localization and metal–insulator transition in SCBA is faster and yields lower energy than the FBA approximation.
Wind speed measurement depends on the efficiency of the anemometer sensor. In fact, the anemometer sensor can measure the wind speed at a single point of the wind turbine rotor. These measurements obtained from anemometer wind speed sensor are imprecise and cannot represent an accurate wind speed. For that, Effective Wind Speed (EWS) will be estimated by applying linear and nonlinear Kalman Filters (KFs) methods to Wind Turbines System (WTS). In this study, the variable wind speed is computed numerically based on the estimation values obtained from the linear KF, while is directly estimated from nonlinear KF. Furthermore, Backward Euler Approximation (BEA) is used for Kalman filtering to perform the discretization of the continuous state space of WTS. In this paper, the efficiency of each filter is investigated on wind turbine model based on two-mass drive-train interconnected by a common spring and damper. The comparison studies between the proposed EWS estimation demonstrate that the nonlinear KF have high accurate estimation of EWS then linear KF. These results achieved are justified by computing the Correlation Coefficients (CCs) between the measured and estimated wind speed.
This paper is intended to solve a detail in the precautions to avoid the spreading of the coronavirus. Indeed, spreading by contact could lead to a new outbreak of the epidemic and a return of coronavirus. Two applied means to avoid the spread of COVID-19 are wearing masks and using an alcohol gel dispenser. In this paper, a non-contact automatic alcohol gel dispensed (AAGD) is proposed. This device is based on microcontroller device “Arduino Nano”, Ultrasonic sensor “HC-SR05” and servo-motor of 1 Nm. It can be used and integrated in the schools, markets, and different companies. In this focus, the AAGD works without touching by hand that could have touched the nose and not cleaned 100%. This property is important in this crisis period, especially since the appearance of coronavirus delta variant. This real-time device is nice to operate, and could be produced using quite common control devices, a too high or complicated technology level would reduce its application.
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