Crop production in West Africa is mostly dependent upon rainfed agriculture. Irrigation is a vital need due to uneven distribution of rainfall and seasonality of water resources. However, management and sustainability of irrigation are under risk due to notably weak database, excessive cost, unappropriate soil or land use, environmental problems and extreme pessimism in some quarters since rainfed agriculture is seen as potentially able to support the present population. This paper focuses on modernized irrigation technologies and systems that utilize less water. Information about irrigation systems in Ghana and Liberia were gathered through: 1) Irrigation development authorities in both countries, by reviewing past literatures, online publications, reports and files about irrigation in West Africa, specifically Ghana and Liberia; 2) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); 3) Collation of information, reports and data from Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA) and 4) International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The result shows that both countries have higher irrigation potential. However, the areas developed for irrigation is still a small portion as compare to the total land available for irrigation. On the other hand, as seen in the result, Liberia as compare to Ghana has even low level of irrigation development.
Existing literature perceived Economic, Social and Environmental (ESE) factors as three key drivers of Sustainable Manufacturing Practice (SMP). ICT is not considered as a driving factor, but only as a tool that supports the achievement of SMP. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of ICT in achieving SMP in South Africa. A systematic literature review was conducted. The Google Scholar search engine was used to retrieve 1,352 articles that were analysed in this study. Themes and constructs were analysed based on the scope of the study. The findings revealed that South African manufacturing stakeholders are leveraging the advancement of ICT such as Artificial Intelligence and smart production systems to drive SMP through reduced waste and optimisation of resources. Also, the findings revealed that ICT plays a significant role that warrant its consideration as a fourth factor that drives SMP. This study emphasised the role of ICT as a driver in achieving SMP and presents the ESET model (ESE with the addition of Technology) to support the argument that ICT is a major driving factor for SMP. Understanding the role of ICT can influence how the issues of SMP are addressed and stakeholders can rethink strategies for SMP. Further empirical studies with a broader scope are encouraged because the review process and the scope of this study limits its generalisability
This study is designed to investigate the anticipated impact of carbon tax on economic growth in Nigeria using the scenario of the proposed tax rate on the primary carbon emission-related activities. This study therefore employed ARDL bound test and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests to show the existence of long-run relationship between carbon tax and economic growth. The study therefore revealed that: carbon tax has positive impact on economic growth; governance has negative impact on economic growth: non-existence of causal relationship between carbon tax and economic growth in Nigeria. Hence, the study recommended among others, upward review of carbon tax and strict adherence to the regulation of tax rate on carbon emission be enforced, as well as consideration for application of tax rate on other non-primary emitters of carbon in Nigeria.
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