The polymorphic gene of serum paraoxonase (PON1) and its activity involved in atherosclerosis. The purpose of the study was to analyze PON1 192 Q/R polymorphism and the enzyme activities in ischemic stroke. The polymorphism as the most common polymorphism in PON1 gene coding sequence is associated with variation in the enzyme activity and vascular disease. The study included 85 stroke patients and 71 control subjects. PON1 192 polymorphism was genotyped using PCR protocol. Paraoxonase activity (Para) and arylesterase activity (Aryl) were determined spectrophotometrically using paraoxon and phenylacetate as the substrates. The QR and RR genotypes were more frequent in stroke population compared to controls, resulting in a higher frequency of the R allele in patients (0.24 vs 0.18, OR = 1.41). Patients had significantly higher Para/Aryl ratio than that of controls (P = 0.016). In stroke patients, Para/Aryl and Para/HDL ratios increased with this order: QQ < QR < RR. Hypertension significantly increased the risk of ischemic stroke by 15-fold among R-containing people, while this was significantly increased 4-fold for QQ homozygotes. Smoking increased the risk of having ischemic stroke in both QQ homozygote and QR + RR group (OR = 2.84 and OR = 2.33, respectively). In conclusion, these data highlight the importance of PON1 192 R allele and high Para/Aryl ratio in susceptibility to ischemic stroke in the population. The presence of the 192 R allele potentiates the risk of stroke especially in hypertensive people. Decreased Aryl and increased Para/Aryl, Para/HDL and Aryl/HDL ratios may be markers indicated the increased susceptibility to ischemic stroke in the population.
Determining the spinning reserve capacity is amongst the most important tasks of system operator to insure safe and reliable operation of power system. So far, various methods are proposed to determine reserve capacity which are based on deterministic or probabilistic criteria. Due to considering the stochastic nature of system events, probabilistic approaches are more preferable in comparison to deterministic approaches. In practice, the value of interrupted loads are not the same for all consumers and some of them like industrial ones have higher value of lost load (VOLL). Thus, consumes with higher values of lost load are willing to pay more in order to gain higher reliability levels than consumers with less VOLL. In other words, they are more concerned with their individual load point reliability. In this paper a new method is presented to optimally determine the system spinning reserve requirement in a competitive simultaneous energy and reserve market render based on cost-benefit analysis and stochastic programming technique is proposed considering different values of lost load at each bus. Including units and lines outages and their corresponding likelihoods in the objective function, regard for loading rate of the generators constraints and transmission flow constraints are the advantages of the proposed method. Simulations performed on the 14-bus IEEE test system demonstrate effectiveness of the presented approach.
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