Background & Objectives: Treatment of chronic pain using NSAIDs, steroids, opioids, and herbs has been associated with many complications with the long-term use. Wet cupping therapy (WCT) has been used to reduce pain, by triggering mu opioid receptor expression. We conducted this study to compare the effectiveness between WCT with oral opioids for pain management. Methodology: It was an experimental study with randomized control group post-test only design. Thirty two male white rats of strain Wistar were divided into four groups: (1) Group-NC; mice in this group were given nothing as a negative control group, (2) Group-CFA; group that was given Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) only as a positive control group, (3) Group-WCT; mice were given CFA and WCT, and (4) Group-O was given CFA and oral opioids. The measured variables were pain threshold value and mu opioid receptors. Statistical analysis was done us(ing SPSS software (version 22.0, Chicago, IL). Results: The results showed no significant differences in the expression of mu opioid receptors between Group-NC and Group-CFA (p = 0.061). There were significant differences in the expression of opioid receptors between Group-CFA and Group-WCT (p < 0.001), and also between WCT group and Group-O (p = 0.002). The differences of pain threshold value were only significant between Group-NC (p = 0,006) and Group-CFA (p = 0,013) with Group-O. Conclusion: Wet cupping therapy triggers the expression of mu opioid receptors. Wet cupping therapy as effective in relieving pain as opioids. Citation: Subadi I, Kusumawardani MK, Qorib MF, Susilo I, Hidayati HB. Wet cupping therapy improves mu opioid receptor expression and pain threshold in animal models of inflammation. Anaesth pain & intensive care 2019;23(4):__ Received: 6 February 2019; Reviewed: 16 February 2019, 2 August 2019; Revised: 9 September 2019; Accepted: 15 September 2019
Highlight:Medical therapy selection in the outpatient eye clinic were determined.Treatment of prostaglandin analogue therapyfor primary open angle glaucoma was the most common glaucoma type. Abstract:Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness and the third cause of visual impairment. Glaucoma management includes medical therapy, laser, and incisions. This study aims to determine the selection of medical therapy in the outpatient eye clinic Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya. This study was a retrospective descriptive study. The variables were type of glaucoma, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and drug therapy. Data processing was done by collecting, grouping, and describing data. Glaucoma was mostly common in 50-64 years old (37.66%), male (50.65%), most patients lived in Surabaya (53.68%), the most common type was Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (32.90%), the most medical therapy given in the first visit in 2019 was single medical therapy (67.97%), the most single drug therapy was latanoprost (49.68%), the most drugs combination was timolol maleat with acetazolamide (35.14%), the most commonly drugs class were prostaglandin analogues (48.48%), most of the visual acuity values were 6/6 - 6/18 (1,00 – 0,33) (37.88%), most intraocular pressure was in the 11-21 mmHg (62.55%). The most common type of glaucoma was primary open angle glaucoma with the most therapy given was prostaglandin analogue.
Background: PHC is one of the health service facilities that organizes preventive, promotive, rehabilitative, and curative health efforts that focus more on preventive and promotive services. Utility of primary health care among youth community are very important, so this study will mainly point to find that there is difference in the factor that can influence the utility of PHC because youth years are critical for the development of the habit such as smoking or diet in lifestyle and this would give high impact for their health in future. Method: This research type is analytical with cross sectional design that is used to study on the relationship between the utility of primary health care and the comparison factors that can influence the utility of primary health care among youth community in Indonesia and Malaysia. Two types of tests are being used to do analysis which is by using Mann Whitney and by using chi-square to get total p value. Result: T h e factors that influence the utility of primary health care for youth community in Indonesia and Malaysia which are age and number of family member, the difference was significant while difference in other factors was insignificant. Conclusion, this study found that there is difference in the factors that influence the utility of primary health care for youth community in Indonesia and Malaysia which are age and number of family.
Introduction: Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are rare cases but can be lifethreatening if not immediately treated. Basic knowledge about SJS and TEN is crucial for doctors so the incidence can be prevented, however the study about SJS and TEN in Indonesia is still minimal. Thus, we aim to analyze the risk factors for SJS and TEN in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya period of 2017-2020. Methods: This was a retrospective analytical observational study with case control design using total sampling from medical records data in 2017-2020. Risk factors for sex, age, infection, and comorbidities were analyzed with bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: From a total 28 sample cases, most sex was man (53.57%), but there was no significant effect against SJS/TEN (p=1.000). Most ages were 26-45 & 46-65 years (39.29%). There was no significant effect between age and SJS/TEN (p=0.789). Infection that was reported only pneumonia (21.43%) and apparently there was significant correlation against SJS/TEN (p=0.023). Highest comorbidity was conjunctivitis (25%). Highest number of drugs suspected to cause SJS/TEN was carbamazepine (20%), paracetamol (20%), and phenytoin (15.56%). Conclusion: Sex, age, infection, and comorbidities are risk factors for SJS and TEN, however in this study, factor that influence the occurrence of SJS/TEN is infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is one of the most common skin diseases among teenagers and is treated based on its severity. Mild acne is treated with topical agents, while moderate and severe acne are treated with a combination of topical and systemic agents. Topical agents that are often used for acne are antibiotics, such as topical clindamycin. Widespread use of antibiotics to treat AV causes resistance problems. Therefore, alternative therapies are needed to prevent resistance to topical clindamycin, such as topical niacinamide, which has anti-inflammatory effects without inducing resistance problems. Purpose: To compare the efficacy of topical clindamycin and topical niacinamide in mild to moderate AV. Methods: In this systematic review, a literature search was carried out through 6 databases, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Inclusion criteria were written in English or Indonesian, published in 2010-2020, randomized controlled trial (RCT) study design, conducted on human samples, and discussed the efficacy comparison of topical clindamycin and niacinamide in mild to moderate AV. Studies that were not accessible in full-text and based on secondary data were excluded. Quality and risk of bias assessments were done using The Jadad Scale and Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2). Result: Acne severity was reduced significantly in both topical clindamycin and niacinamide groups, and there was no efficacy difference between these groups. Both topical clindamycin and topical niacinamide can cause mild side effects. Conclusion: Topical niacinamide can be an alternative therapy to topical clindamycin because they are both effective in treating mild to moderate AV.
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