A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among individuals attending the Out Patient Department (OPD) of Medicine, Paediatrics, Dermatology & Venerology, ENT, Orthopaedics and Gynaecology & Obstetrics from December 2011 to March 2012 in East-West Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, to see the patterns of prescriptions using World Health Organization (WHO) core prescribing indicators and some additional indices. A total of 300 prescriptions were collected and analyzed by the 3rd year MBBS students in this study. The average number of drugs per encounter was 3.22 and 5.33% drugs were prescribed by generic name. Use of antibiotic (48.67% of encounters) was frequent, but injection use (6.67% of encounters) was within the recommendation of WHO. Only 26.09% drugs were prescribed from national essential drug list. Percentage of encounters with a NSAID, an anti-ulcerant, an antihistamine, a calcium preparation and a multivitamin & multimineral prescribed were 44.33%, 43.33%, 22.33%, 19.33% and 15.67% respectively. So, the findings from current study showed a trend towards inappropriate prescribing, particularly the over-prescribing of antibiotics and under-prescribing of generic drugs and also most of the drugs were prescribed out of national essential drug list. Hence, there would be needed for effective intervention program to encourage the physicians and healthcare providers in promoting more appropriate drug use. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v2i2.15483 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2012; 2 (2): 13-17

Background: Drug utilization studies are pre requisite for the formulation of drug policies. They offer useful methods for teaching and training in drug therapy and also identify the problems that arise from drug usage in healthcare delivery system and highlight the current approaches to the rational use of medicines. Objectives: The main objective of the prescription audit or evaluation was to measures for improving the prescription practices and to generate information on the core prescribing indicators proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: This was a descriptive type of cross sectional study. The study was conducted in the Out Patient Department (OPD) of Dermatology & Venereology in a tertiary care private hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh in between January and March'2012. A total of 300 prescriptions were obtained with the help of a pre-inserted carbon paper in a special format using WHO core prescribing indicators. Results: The average number of drugs per encounter was 3.8 and no single drug was prescribed by generic name. Use of antibiotic (56% of encounters) was frequent, but injection use (2.67% of encounters) was within the recommendation of WHO. The use of fixed drug combinations (FDCs) was 15.28% of prescribed drugs. Only 22.08% drugs were prescribed from national essential medicine list. Conclusion:The findings from the current study showed a trend towards inappropriate prescribing.

Background: Prescribing patterns need to be evaluated periodically to increase the therapeutic efficacy, decrease adverse effects and provide feedback to prescribers. Like all other developing countries, irrational and inappropriate use of drugs is very common in Bangladesh. Objectives: The main objective of the prescription audit was to define the pattern of drug used in the outpatient department of orthopaedics. Methodology: This was a descriptive type of cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Orthopaedics in a tertiary care private teaching hospital. Dhaka, Bangladesh in between January to March '2012. A total of 300 prescriptions were obtained with the help of a pre-inserted carbon paper in a special format using WHO core prescribing indicators and some additional indices. Results: The average number of drugs per encounter was 3.78 and no single drug was prescribed by generic name. Use of an antibiotic and an injection was in 6.67% and 3.33% of encounters respectively. Only 4.32% drugs were prescribed from national essential drug list (EDL). Percentage of encounters with a NSAID, an antiulcerant and a calcium preparation prescribed were 97%, 97.33% and 67.33% respectively. Conclusion: The patterns of drug prescribing in the OPD of orthopaedics did not fulfill the WHO criteria for rational use of medicine.

Objective: To audit the typical prescription or general format according to WHO guidelines for good prescription writing.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted after collecting data from medical records to observe standard of prescriptions and identify factors underlying inappropriate prescription writing.Place and period of study: A total of 300 prescriptions of the patients (garment workers) who had attended in Hannan Textile and Garment Medical Centre, Board Bazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh in between January and November’2008 were considered for analysis. Results: Audit of the prescription pattern revealed that most of the prescriptions did not conform to the pattern of a typical prescription. The patient’s identity was mentioned in all prescriptions (100%). Date of the prescription and superscription symbol (Rx) were also mentioned in all prescriptions (100%). Inscription which includes name of the drug, dosage form and total amount of medication prescribed was mentioned in all prescriptions (100%) but dose and duration of treatment were mentioned in 66% and 70% prescriptions respectively. In this study, about 91.67% instructions to the pharmacist and 50% special instructions to the patient regarding the dosage form and total amount to be dispensed were found adequately. Almost 100% of the prescriptions adequately mentioned the dosage schedules and also precautions/warnings about the drug therapy. Almost 100% of the prescriptions were signed by the doctors mentioning their full name, address with qualification and registration number. But telephone/mobile number of the doctors was not found in all prescriptions (100%). Most common diagnosis among garment workers was ARI (19.33%). Most commonly prescribed group of drug was antiulcerent (17.13%) and most commonly prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin (13.67%). Most of the drugs were prescribed in oral form (97.77%). No single drug interaction (0%) was found in any prescription. The fixed dose-drug combinations (FDCs) accounted for 67% drugs prescribed. The most commonly FDC was multivitamin and multimineral which was not included in essential medicine list (EML).Conclusion: Large numbers of prescriptions did not conform to ideal pattern and lack in their rationality. This study revealed a lot of scope for educating the prescribers to improve prescribing practices.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v1i2.13979 Update Dent. Coll. j. 2011: 1(2): 07-12

Objectives: The aim of the study was to audit the prescription and dispensing pattern in a garment medical center to observe the rational use of drug. Irrational use of medicine is a global problem. Polypharmacy, injudicial use of antibiotics, unnecessary use of vitamins are commonly seen in Bangladesh. To find out the current status of the prescribing and dispensing practices and identify factors underlying irrational prescription writing in a Garment medical center for factory workers in Gajipur and to sensitize the future prescribers about the rational prescriptions, this study was carried out. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to analyze the patterns of prescriptions by using World Health Organization , WHO/INRUD- core drug prescribing indicators and some additional indices. Place and period of study: A total of 300 prescriptions of the patients (garment workers) who had attended in Hannan Textile and Garment Medical Centre, Board Bazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh in between January and November’2008 were considered for analysis. Results: The average number of drugs per prescription was 3.1 and no single drug was prescribed by generic name. Use of antibiotic (50% of encounters) was frequent. Only 50.75% drugs were prescribed from national essential drug list (EDL). Percentage of encounters with an antiulcerant, a NSAID and a multivitamin & multimineral prescribed were 41.67%, 46.67% and 23.67% respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed some of irrational practices like poly pharmacy, overuse of antibiotics and vitamins, no use of generic names, and less prescribed from essential drug list. It is suggested that the periodic evaluation of prescribing practices at the healthcare facilities should be done by proper involvement of physician, nurse and pharmacist for the rational use of medicine. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i1.17978 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (1): 07-11