Background: COVID-19 reinfected patients suffer from diverse health consequences. Information on the severity of COVID-19 reinfection is scarce. The current study aimed to determine the proportion of COVID-19 reinfection and risk factors associated with its severity. Methods: This cross-sectional study targeted all COVID-19 patients reported in May 2021 at the Health Information Unit (HIU) of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) of Bangladesh. We identified 473 (1.14%) reinfected patients out of 41408 diagnosed cases by reviewing their medical records. Considering the selection criteria and informed consent, we enrolled 404 reinfected patients. Data were collected through telephone interviews and reviewing medical records using a semi-structured questionnaire and a checklist. Results: The majority of the reinfected patients were urban residents (98.0%). Around 13.0% of reinfected patients had <90% oxygen saturation, and 64.0% had an interval of 3-6 months between two attacks. The severity of reinfection included asymptomatic (12.9%), mild (8.9%), moderate (66.3%), and severe (11.9%) forms of infection. An interval of 3-6 months between two attacks had less chance of having mild (AOR=0.031, ρ=0.000), moderate (AOR=0.132, ρ=0.017), and severe (AOR=0.059, ρ=0.002) infections. Patients who maintained physical distance had less chance of moderate-intensity reinfection (AOR=0.137, ρ=0.013), while the vaccinated patients had a higher chance of moderate (AOR=16.127, ρ=0.001) and severe (AOR=3.894, ρ=0.047) intensity reinfection. Conclusion: To avert COVID-19 reinfection and its severity, patients should be vigilant about preventive practices even after recovery. The study suggests vibrant interventions aligned with exposure, physical distancing, vaccination, and comorbidities for mitigating reinfection.

regions such as China, Indian sub-contionent and Sub-Saharan Africa1. In rural areas of Bangladesh, a vast majority of rural households use biomass fuel for daily cooking and heating purposes (particularly in winter season) and are at risk of developing diseases associated with unprocessed fuels. However, excepting a few small scale studies, no national level study has yet been conducted in Bangladesh to ascertain the

Background: The development of improved health and nutrition in adulthood is significantly influenced by early nutrition. It is, however, almost ever investigated how to determine the nutritional condition of Bangladeshi children using anthropometric measurements including height, weight, biepicondylar width of the humerus and femur, BMI, and BSA.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 government elementary school students aged between 9 and 12 years in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS.Results: For the B1 and B2 groups, heights ranged from 124.00 to 151.00 cm and 129.00 to 157.00 cm, respectively. Height ranges for the C1 and C2 groups were respectively 129.50-153.00 cm and 129.00-160.00 cm. The B2 study group had a greater weight than the B1 study group (p<0.001), where C2 was heavier than the C1 research group (p<0.001). The A1 study group's biepicondylar width of the humerus was greater than the A2 study group's (p<0.05) and biepicondylar humerus width was greater in the B2 study group compared to the B1 study group (p<0.05). On the other hand, the B1 study group's biepicondylar femur width was higher than the B2 study group (p<0.05). The B2 group's body surface area was larger than the B1 study group's (p<0.001) and body surface area of C2 group was greater than C1 study group (p<0.001).Conclusions: Analyses of body composition and anthropometric measurements suggest that children and adolescents' nutritional status was below the reference requirement, according to the results of the current study.

Indoor air pollution from biomass smoke is now regarded as public health hazard in the developing world causing different respiratory diseases. A cross-sectional study was conducted to see the prevalence of respiratory disease and status of respiratory function among female biomass fuel users and gas/electricity fuel users in a selective area of Bangladesh. A total of 103 females from Madla, a rural area under Bogra District of Bangladesh, which having good communication facilities, meeting the defined enrollment criteria for biomass fuel group were selected purposively as cases, while 101 females from the urban households from Thanthania in the same district, meeting the defined eligibility criteria for controls were included in gas/electricity fuel group. The participants were interviewed on a semi-structured questionnaire from March to June 2007. Moreover, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of 98 participants from each group was measured as a lung function parameter. In the biomass group, majority (61.6%) used open type of kitchen, 21.2% partially closed kitchen, 11.1% closed and 6.1% closed non-ventilated kitchen. Nearly three-quarter (73%) of the gas/electricity group used closed ventilated type of kitchen, 26% used partially closed kitchen and only 1 case used open kitchen. Nearly one-quarter (24%) of the biomass group had habit of taking beetle-nut compared to only 3% of the gas/electricity group and chewing tobacco was also revealed to be proportionately higher in the former group (22.8%) than that in the latter group (4%) (p<0.001). The biomass group exhibited a significantly higher frequency of respiratory problem (16.5%) compared to their gas/electricity counterpart (5%). 30.4% of the participants of biomass group suffered from allergic rhinitis as opposed to 13% of the gas/electricity group. Coughing was also significantly higher in the biomass group (13.7%) than that in the gas/electricity group (1%). Coughing in the early morning and cough with productive sputum also demonstrated their significant presence in the former group than that in the latter group. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) shows that it was significantly lower in the biomass fuel user group (225.0±38.6 L/min.) than that of the gas/electricity user group (247.5±34.4 L/min.) (p<0.001). It was found that smoke generated from biomass fuel combustion is a significant risk factor for respiratory problems among the female household members who, by tradition, are associated with cooking activities. CBMJ 2014 January: Vol. 03 No. 01 P: 08-12

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