No abstract

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that presents with nonmotor and motor symptoms. The nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease often begin years before the motor symptoms. Autopsy studies, including both Parkinson's disease patients and matched controls, demonstrated that α‐synuclein aggregates in Parkinson's disease patients can be found in both the substantia nigra and the enteric nervous system. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that the pathological process that leads eventually to Parkinson's disease might initially take place in the enteric nervous system years before the appearance of motor features. The gut microbiome plays essential roles in the development and maintenance of different body systems. Dysbiosis of the normal gut microbiome is thought to be associated with pathophysiologic changes not only in the gastrointestinal system itself but also in the enteric and central nervous systems. These changes are thought to ultimately cause loss of dopaminergic neurons via various mechanisms including the release of neurotoxins into the systemic circulation, decreased production of neuroprotective factors, and triggering inflammatory and autoimmune responses. In this review, we review the gut microbiome changes in Parkinson's disease and discuss the mechanisms by which gut microbiome dysbiosis may be a contributing factor to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

This prospective observational study aimed to assess ovarian reserve after three different methods for induction of ovulation in 60 women between 30 and 40 years old with polycystic ovary syndrome. Women were equally divided into three groups. Group I included women who responded to clomiphene citrate. Women enrolled in groups II and III were subjected to either unilateral or bilateral ovarian drilling, respectively. Ovarian reserve testing was performed once before and three months after treatment. Basal serum inhibin B level showed a significant decrease after bilateral drilling compared with predrilling level (53.8 F 13.5 vs 46.3 F 6.2 pg/mL; P ¼ 0.031). The antral follicle counts and summed ovarian volume showed a significant decrease after bilateral drilling (16.5 F 1.3 vs 14.9 F 2

The availability of automated infusion pumps will probably decrease administration errors significantly. There is a need for more obstetricians and nurses during the nightshifts to minimize errors resulting from working under stressful conditions.

Fluid filled Foley catheter seems to be superior to 25 μg vaginal misoprostol regimen, when used to induce labor in primigravidae with post-term gestations with the advantage of having a shorter induction delivery interval, but more need for oxytocin augmentation.