In this paper we present a trust and reputation model to classify and filter collaboratively contributed geographic information. We hypothesize that users contribute information in a collaborative system akin to Web 2.0 collaborative applications. We build on previous work where trust is proposed as a proxy for information quality and propose a spatial trust model to filter and extract high quality information about urban growth behaviors contributed by users. The motivating scenario involves residents of recently urbanized areas taking into account their interactions with their surroundings. The main contribution of this paper is a formal trust and reputation model that takes into account the spatial context of users and their contributions.
Over the past few years, we have developed an increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie prostate cancer progression and castration resistance and expanded our repertoire of therapeutic options for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Four new agents (cabazitaxel, abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, and radium-233) have been shown to prolong overall survival in patients with CRPC in the postchemotherapy setting. Targeting the androgen receptor pathway continues to have an important role in the treatment of CRPC, with abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide being the most exciting developments. Cabazitaxel is now considered the standard-of-care second-line chemotherapy for men with metastatic CRPC (mCRPC). Bone-targeted therapy is an active area of research, with denosumab being the first bone-targeted agent able to significantly delay the appearance of bone metastases in patients with CRPC and radium-223 being the first radiopharmaceutical agent to improve survival in patients with mCRPC.
Introduction: To identify patients who should be considered for early radical cystectomy, we evaluated the clinical and pathological variables affecting the outcome of patients with high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who underwent re-staging transurethral resection (re-TUR). Methods: We reviewed the clinical data of 453 patients treated for urothelial carcinoma between 2006 and 2010. In total, 94 patients underwent re-TUR after their initial TUR. Of these, 72 were not upstaged to muscle invasive disease and were therefore included in our study. Results: On re-TUR, 31 patients had no residual tumour (T0) and 41 patients had residual NMIBC. A statistically significant difference was noted between patients with pT0 and patients with residual NMIBC on re-TUR in regard to tumour recurrence and progression (39% vs. 83%, p < 0.001) (6% vs. 34%, p = 0.005), respectively. On multivariate analysis, tumour stage on re-TUR and the regimen of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy (induction vs. maintenance) remained independent predicting factors for recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.001, hazard ratio [HR]: 1.77), (p < 0.001 HR: 0.16) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.014, HR: 2.11), (p = 0.008, HR: 0.097), respectively. Conclusions: The presence of T0 on re-TUR is associated with better RFS and PFS and could be a predictive factor for candidates for conservative management. Patients with persistent NMIBC on re-TUR require close follow-up and, in some cases, could be considered for early cystectomy. Maintenance intravesical BCG therapy can improve RFS and PFS in patients with high-risk NMIBC. This study is limited by its retrospective nature and the relatively small number of patients in the cohort.
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