A total of 17 actinomycetes were isolated and screened against five bacterial pathogens. Forty-one per cent of the isolates were active against the tested pathogens. The most potent isolate was identified as Streptomyces parvus by using a 16S rRNA sequence analysis. S. parvus produced active compound(s) against a number of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The obtained inhibition zones were 14, 19, 20 and 20 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila, respectively. Moreover, the anticancer activity of S. parvus was tested against four different cell lines: human liver cancer cell line, mouse lymphoma cell line, breast cancer cell line and human colon cancer cell line. The inhibition activities were 53%, 56%, 57% and 42%, respectively. To achieve a maximum production of the bioactive compound, PlackettÀBurman design was applied. The productivity increased up to 1.3-fold, when S. parvus was grown in optimized medium composed of: 10 g, 2 mL (10 3 colony-forming units mL ¡1 ) inoculum size with pH 8 for 7 d of incubation. The main constitutes of S. parvus crude extract were determined by gasÀliquid chromatography mass spectrometry. They were found to be ethane, 1,1-diethoxy; di-n-octyl phthalate; ethanol, 2,2-diethoxy; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid; methyl ester (E,E) and benzoic acid.
Biosynthesis methods employing microorganisms have emerged as an eco-friendly, clean, and viable alternative to chemical and physical processes. The present study reports the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using cell-free culture supernatant of marine Streptomyces sp. MHM38. For the optimized production of CuONPs, the influence of some parameters, such as the concentration of copper sulfate (CuSO4), reaction time, filtrate to substrate ratio, and pH, was studied. 5 mM of CuSO4 was optimal for nanoparticle (NP) production. Well-defined CuONP formation occurred after 60 min of incubation when an equal volume of filtrate (cell-free supernatant) to substrate (CuSO4 solution) was added. UV-visible spectroscopy analysis of CuONPs exhibited a peak at 550 nm, which corresponds to the surface plasmon resonance of CuONPs. Most of the particles were spherical and were 1.72–13.49 nm when measured using a transmission electron microscope. The antimicrobial activity of CuONPs was determined using a well diffusion method against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Escherichia coli ATCC 8939, fungi (Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, and Aspergillus niger), and yeast (Candida albicans ATCC 10237). The highest antimicrobial activities were recorded against Candida albicans ATCC 10237, whereas Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8939 showed the less activity. The biochemical findings of the CuONP groups were significant (
p
<
0.05
) with diminished levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total and direct bilirubin, urea, and creatinine compared with the paracetamol group. Nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants of the CuONP groups were significantly elevated (
p
<
0.05
) in SOD and GSH levels, and exceptionally low nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MAD) levels were found for the paracetamol group. The histopathological examination of the CuONP groups assured the impact of improving CuONPs against paracetamol-induced liver damage.
The implementation of actinomycetes for the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles as a nature-friendly, safe and hopeful way is welcome due to its non-toxicity and naturalness. Out of nine actinomycetes isolates was isolated from sediment of the Suez Gulf, Egypt, only one isolate (M8) showed ability for biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using extracellular supernatant. Isolate (M8) was selected and identified as Streptomyces griseus on the basis of cultural, morphological, and physiological properties, additionally 16S rRNA sequence. The gold nanoparticles were confirmed using by Visible UV spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Au-Nps ranged from 19 to 28 nm in size and hexagonal in shape. Au-NPs synthesized by Streptomyces griseus isolate (M8) showed displayed a significant antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis 29212 (10 mm), gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli 19404, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9027, Salmonella typhimurium 14028, Vibriofluvialis, and Vibrio damsel (10, 20, 28, 25 and 18 mm respectively), and yeast Candidaalbicans (18 mm) in well diffusion method. Moreover, gold nanoparticles exhibited a significant degree of anticancer activity against two different cancer cell lines Colon carcinoma cells (HCT-116) using 61.9 ug/well and breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) using 46.6 ug/well.
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