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Os autores agradecem à Associação Brasileira deFranchising (ABF) pela contribuição à pesquisa apresentada neste artigo. Agradecem também às contribuições de dois avaliadores cujos comentários foram muito importantes para a versão final deste estudo.

Internacionalização das redes de franquias brasileiras: um estudo comparativo Internacionalización de las redes de franquicias brasileñas: un estudio comparativo ABSTRACTThe primary goal of this paper is to comprehend the fundamental organizational differences between Brazilian franchise chains that only operate in the home market and Brazilian franchise chains that operate internationally. The sample chosen for this study comprehends 96 Brazilian franchises operating in the home market and 67 franchises with international operations; logistic regression was used to analyze data obtained from these sources. Our findings suggest that the development of a brand in international operations can be strategic for certain Brazilian franchise chains; this seems to be, however, a scarce resource for many franchises and it could be developed through international operations. With regard to the fees charged, the outcomes demonstrate that Brazilian franchises with international operations tend to charge lower fees from its franchisees to install new units. Regarding the monitoring and control of franchises, there is evidence that the monitoring capability is one of the determining factors in the development of Brazilian franchises international operations.KEYWORDS | Franchising, internationalization, emerging markets, small businesses, entrepreneurship. RESUMO O principal objetivo do artigo é compreender as diferenças organizacionais fundamentais entre redes de franquias brasileiras com apenas operações domésticas em comparação com as redes que têm operações internacionais. Como critério para seleção da amostra foram escolhidas 96 redes de franquias com operações domésticas e 67 redes de franquias brasileiras com operações internacionais. Nas análises de dados utilizou-se a regressão logística. Os resultados sugerem que é estratégico o desenvolvimento de uma marca nas operações internacionais. Parece ser um recurso escasso para muitas redes de franquias que podem ser desenvolvidas por meio de operações internacionais. Em relação às taxas cobradas, os resultados mostram que as cadeias brasileiras com operações internacionais cobram taxas mais baixas para seus franqueados para a instalação. Em relação ao monitoramento e controle de franquias verifica-se que a capacidade de monitoramento é um dos fatores determinantes para as franquias brasileiras com operações internacionais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE | Redes de franquias, internacionalização, mercados emergentes, pequenas empresas, empreendedorismo. RESUMEN El principal objetivo del artículo es comprender las diferencias organizacionales fundamentales RAE-Revista de Administração de Empresas | FGV-EAESP

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to determine the antecedents of reverse innovation. Design/methodology/approach -Data were collected through an online survey administered using telephone assistance and sent to the 1,000 largest (in terms of revenue) foreign subsidiaries in Brazil. The responding companies numbered 167. For the data analysis, the authors chose the statistical technique of structural equation modeling. Findings -The paper shows that reverse innovation is related to headquarters' support, autonomy, and integration. Specifically, the authors consider the power of strategic integration between headquarters and subsidiaries as one of the important antecedents of reverse innovation. Practical implications -Integration has an important role to reverse innovation. In order to stimulate integration, the executive of a subsidiary can make such efforts as invest in the mechanism of the relationship and exchange knowledge with headquarters. For example, it is recommended to encourage travel to the headquarters to more accurately align perceptions of parent and subsidiary executives and to utilize expatriates from headquarters to provide knowledge to subsidiaries about the main processes of the company and to promote subsidiary innovations. Originality/value -Literature contains some articles discussing and relating some cases of reverse innovation. However, this paper shows the organizational structure necessary for reverse innovation.

PurposeThis research aims to answer the following question: Could bricolage become a capability for companies in emerging markets to develop frugal innovations in times of crisis? Therefore, in this paper the main aim is to identify whether in times of crisis the development of frugal innovation in emerging markets depends on the bricolage capability.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses were statistically tested using the structural equation modeling technique, with data collected through the survey method applied to 215 companies in Brazil.FindingsThe results allowed support for the hypothesis that bricolage capability has a positive impact on the development of frugal innovation. Therefore, a mediating test was verified, allowing confirmation that to develop frugal innovation in emerging markets, bricolage becomes a required capability for companies in times of crisis.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this study lies in considering the effect of bricolage on frugal innovation only in the context of Brazil, while in developed countries this effect may be similar, as they also suffer from resource constraints caused by crises.Practical implicationsThis research provides insights to guide managers by highlighting bricolage as a key managerial capability for the development of frugal innovation. A set of managerial recommendations are provided based on bricolage skills.Originality/valueThe study has contributed to the literature on bricolage and frugal innovation by addressing bricolage as an antecedent of frugal innovation in emerging markets, especially when those markets are affected by resource scarcity.