Background. Malaria remains one of the world's major public health issues, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, cases have declined over the last decade, and attempts to eradicate the illness are underway. The purpose of this study was to determine trends in malaria prevalence in selected areas of the Kaffa zone during the last five years (Decha and Gimbo districts). Methods. All malaria cases registered from 2017 to 2021 were reviewed to assess the trends of malaria prevalence. A checklist was used to collect the secondary data from registers and entered it into an Excel spreadsheet, which was then exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 for analysis. The malaria incidence rate was calculated with the total number of person-years as the denominator and the number of new cases as the numerator. Seasons, years, gender, age, and malaria parasite species were all used to show trends in malaria transmission in the areas. Tables and figures were used to present the data. Results. Out of 20,045 individuals screened for malaria, 13.6% (2,732/20,045) of them were recorded to have Plasmodium species tested using microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections (Plasmodium falciparum + Plasmodium vivax) accounted for 1200 (5.9%), 1114 (5.56%), and 418 (2.09%) of the confirmed malaria cases, respectively. Overall, malaria incidence decreased with an interannual variation, from 4.08 cases per 1000 person-years in 2017 to 3.62 cases per 1000 person-years in 2018, then increased to 4.94 cases per 1000 person-years in 2021. Conclusion. The malaria trend over the last five years has revealed a nonconsistent pattern of cases in different years. The number of malaria cases has shown an increase over the period of 2017 to 2021. Interannual and intra-annual variations have been observed in the transmission of the disease.
Background: Human papillomavirus vaccination is a well-known global strategy for the prevention of cervical cancer. However, uptake of the vaccine varies between regions and countries of the world due to several discouraging factors. Although adolescents are at risk for cervical cancer, there are limited studies measuring vaccination practice of female adolescents in the study area. Objective: To assess human papillomavirus vaccination practice and its associated factors among secondary school female students in Nekemte town, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2022 Methods and materials: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 13 to June 13, 2022 among female students in secondary schools in Nekemte town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. A total of 423 samples were selected using a computer generated simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured and self-administered questionnaire. The study participants were informed of the need for this study. Epi Data version 4.6 was used for data entry and statistical packaging for social science (version 26) for data analysis. Binary logistic regression was calculated using the odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Variables with a p-value < 0.25 in the bi-variable analysis were taken into multi-variable analysis. Finally, variables with a p-value < 0.05 were declared as statistically significant. Result: The current study revealed that the magnitude of human papillomavirus vaccination practice was 52% (CI; 46.8-56.6) in the study area. Factors significantly associated with human papillomavirus vaccination practice were: having good knowledge of human papillomavirus and its vaccine (AOR = 5.79, CI; 3.34 - 10.03), having positive attitude towards human papillomavirus vaccination (AOR = 8.36, CI; 4.67 - 14.93), higher maternal education level (college and above) (AOR = 5.47, CI; 1.68 - 17.82) and urban residence (AOR = 4.12, CI; 1.86 - 9.31). Conclusion and Recommendation: in this study, the magnitude of human papillomavirus vaccination practice was low. Therefore, we recommend the Ethiopian Ministry of Health conduct mass HPV vaccinations and community sensitization to increase awareness and behavioral change education is necessary to enhance optimum coverage of the vaccine.
Background. Malaria remains a serious public health problem, particularly in resource scarce areas of the world. The number of malaria cases has dropped remarkably in Ethiopia over the last decade, and efforts to eliminate the disease are underway. Asymptomatic infections may pose significant challenges to the elimination program. The essence of this study was to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection and the associated factors among communities of the selected districts in the Kaffa zone. Materials and Methods. April to May and September to October 2021, were the two seasons in which the community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted. Capillary blood from a finger prick was examined by light microscopy (LM) and screened using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and malaria prevention measures were collected using a pretested semistructured questionnaire. Data entry and analyses were carried out using EpiData and SPSS version 25.0. Logistic regression (bivariate and multivariable) analyses were carried out to assess the possible associations between the dependent variable and the associated factors. Results. 566 study participants were involved in the two cross-sectional surveys, including 234 male and 332 female subjects with a mean age of 18.486 (SD ± 15.167). Thirty-eight blood samples (6.7%) were found to be positive for Plasmodium species tested by both LM and RDT. Last night’s use of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) (AOR = 2.448, 95% CI: 1.009 5.938, p = 0.048 ), presence of eave (AOR = 4.144, 95% CI: 1.049–16.363, p = 0.043 ), and house sprayed in the last year (AOR = 5.206, 95% CI: 2.176–12.455, p < 0.001 ) were among factors that showed significant association with asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. Conclusion. The asymptomatic Plasmodium infection prevalence recorded in the study area was low. Last night’s LLIN usage, the presence of an eave, a house sprayed in the last year, and the presence of stagnant water near the home of the study participants were among the factors associated with an increased risk of catching the disease.
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