Background The preparation of an effective drug delivery formulation is an urgent need to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Pentavalent antimonials and Amphotericin B (AmB) are considered to treat leishmaniasis; however, their clinical usage is hampered by poor solubility, high cost, toxicity, and the emergence of drug-resistant Leishmania spp. The drug delivery systems (DDS) could be used as an alternative treatment option for the treatment of CL to circumvent these problems. We tested the antileishmanial efficacies of free AmB and amphotericin B-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (AmB-CNPs) under in vitro conditions. Results Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized using the ionic gelation method with negatively charged tripolyphosphate (TPP). During the synthesis of CNPs, AmB was incorporated into the nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were characterized for their size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficacy (EE), drug loading content (DLC), and surface charge using different techniques. Their efficacy was evaluated against promastigotes and axenic amastigotes forms of Leishmania tropica using MTT assay. The synthesized AmB-CNPs displayed a spherical shape with a mean particle size of 118 nm, a positive zeta potential of (+ 6.21 ± 2.02 mV), and an encapsulation efficacy of 88%. Dynamic light scattering technique (DLS) shows that the average size of prepared AmB-CNPs was 95.5 nm. Free AmB presented very low efficacy (only 65% and 67% inhibition of the promastigotes and axenic amastigotes parasite load), whereas AmB-CNPs exhibited 90% and 84% parasite inhibition after 72 h incubation. The AmB-CNPs exhibited significantly higher efficacy than free AmB in terms of reduction in parasite viability. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) measured values of the AmB-CNPs were significant lowers than free AmB. Conclusions The present data indicated that AmB-CNPs exhibited vigorous anti-leishmanial activity than free AmB by dose and time-dependent manner. This formulation can be used for local therapy of CL after in vivo efficacy conformational studies.
The current study was aimed to establish best anesthetic protocols in rabbit, for this purpose six clinically healthy male New Zealand White rabbits weighing 2±00 kg were procured. All rabbits received two anesthetic treatments with one week interval. Treatment: A Ketamine 35 mg/kg IM and Xylazine 5 mg/kg IM, Treatment B: Isoflurane (3 to 5 %) through facemask followed by Xylazine 5 mg/kg IM. Physiological parameters such as, heart rate, rectal temperature and respiratory rate were recorded before and after administration of anesthetics in all animals. Heart rate of all animals significantly (P<0.05) decreased with Xylazine and increased significantly (P<0.05) with Ketamine at 10 minutes and at 15 minutes with Isoflurane after induction of anesthesia. Respiratory rates were significantly decreased (P<0.05) at 15 and 10 minutes in Group A and B respectively. No significant difference was observed in rectal temperature in both treatment groups. The onset and degree of sedation was non-significant (P>0.05) in both treatment groups. Induction of anesthesia was same in both treatment groups and was non-significant at (P>0.05). Isoflurane showed a significantly (P<0.05) longer duration of Anesthesia compared to Ketamine. Relaxation of muscle increased significantly (P<0.05) with Isoflurane compared to ketamine. Duration of analgesia and recovery from anesthesia was also found significant (P<0.05) with Isoflurane compared with ketamine. It was concluded that Isoflurane is the safe anesthetic agent for rabbits as an alternative of ketamine for longer duration of anesthesia and smooth recovery with enhanced analgesia.
The changes in higher education system has created new demands for professional who performs leadership roles and the need for knowledge has also been increased how to deals with the transformed institutions. The current study tries to link the relationship between Transformational Leadership and employees job performance attitudes (Task performance and OCB) with mediating role of emotional intelligence. In this regard data was collected from private and public sector universities in Khyber Paktoonkhwa. Data was analyzed through CFA via AMOS and media tion analysis was performed through Preacher and Hayes statistical procedure. Results reveal that Transformationalleadership has significant association with employee’s task performance and OC Behavior. At the same time emotional intelligence acts as a stronger mediating role in enhancing the relationship between Transformational Leadership and task performance.
Background: Salivary gland tumours are relatively rare when compared with other oral neoplasms and morphologically diverse group of lesions. This study aimed to determine the demographic findings and distribution of salivary gland neoplasms. A relatively large group of patients was in Lahore from all over the country especially Punjab.Materials and mathods. A reterospective cross sectional study was performed to diagnose the prevalence of these tumors both benign and malignant in Pakistani population. primary epithelial SGT 76 cases are included in 5 years from 2013-2017. The data was collected from previously designed questionaires.Results:The general features of the relevant salivary gland tumors were analysed in the first section. Out of 74 cases, 47 were males and 29 were females. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was about 41 years. Overall these tumors were seen more frequently in males than in females.The more common site is Parotid glands. The most frequent tumor is pleomorphic adenoma and most prevelant malignant tumor is adenoid cystic carcinoma.
Students centered approach of learning plays a pivotal role in teaching learning process at secondary level. It is an important way of learners’ engagement and utilization of learners’ talents in a systematic way. That is why keeping in view the immense global importance of leaners centered approach of teaching English language; the present studywas designed to find out the effectiveness of learner-centered approach in teaching of English language at secondary level. Major objectives of the study were: To determine the effectiveness of learner-centered approach in teaching of English at secondary level. To compare learner-centered approach and traditional method of teaching English at secondary level. To compare the learning competencies/abilities of the students taught through learner-centered approach and traditional method of teaching English at secondary level. Similarly, the study was guided by the null hypothesis. Therefore, in order to achieve the main objectives of the study the researcher conducted experimentalstudy at Oxford Model School District Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and took a sample of sixty (60) students randomly. First of all, the researcher administered pre-test and then wrote the marks of the students in descending order, and thus through this way all the odd numbers were included in control group and all the even numbers were included into experimental group. After the successful and careful division of students into two equal groups the researcher himself taught both groups himself, the experimental group was taught English through student-centered method and on the other side, the control group was taught though traditional method for complete four weeks. When the researcher successfully administered the post-test, then the test scores both pre-test and post-test were statistically analyzed in order to find out the significance. The researcher used inferential statistics for data analysis like Mean, Standard deviation, t-test, and coefficient of variance for the purpose of clear and reliable and clear result of the saidstudy.
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