Infliximab more so than etanercept appears to be responsible for the increased risk of infections. Re-activation of latent tuberculosis (LTB) infection and the overall risk of opportunistic infections should be considered before beginning TNF-α inhibitor therapy. A careful medical history, Mantoux test and chest-x-ray should always be performed before prescribing TNF-α inhibitors. Particular attention should be paid to risk factors for Pneumocystis jirovecii infection. Hepatitis B and C virological follow-up should be considered during TNF-α inhibitor treatment. Finally, patients who are at high risk of herpes zoster (HZ) reactivation would benefit from a second vaccination in adulthood when receiving TNF-α inhibitors.
IgG/IgE neutralizing antibodies against infliximab and adalimumab decrease the possibility of achieving a minimal disease activity state or clinical remission, decrease drug survival, increase the need for doctors to prescribe a higher drug dosage and, finally, favor the occurrence of adverse events. Concomitant administration of DMARDs such as methotrexate or leflunomide prevents the development of neutralizing Abs against infliximab and adalimumab.
Several polymorphisms have been proven to influence the response to etanercept. Among them, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -308 G/G, -857 C/T, +489 GG and GA, HLA-DRB1-encoding SE (allele *0404 and allele *0101) favor the response to etanercept, whereas SNP -308 A/A and TNFR1A AA decrease the response. Large clinical studies are needed to confirm the relevance of these associations in order to tailor treatment and to decrease unnecessary toxicity.
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