Biodiesel has been considered as the potential fuel type with many advantages such as environmental pollution reduction, no sulfur production, and biodegradation. However, disadvantages of biodiesel such as high viscosity and high density affected diesel engines and fuel systems negatively. Thus, it is necessary to reduce the viscosity and density of biodiesel fuel in unmodified diesel engines. Until now, a large number of empirical correlations have been used to predict the viscosity and density of biodiesel-fossil diesel fuel blend This study was conducted to predict the kinematic viscosity and density of blends of biodiesel and fossil diesel fuel. Three types of biodiesel were examined: Coconut oil-based biodiesel (COB), Jatropha oil-based biodiesel (JOB), and Waste oil-based biodiesel (WOB). Twenty-four samples of the three types of biodiesel-diesel fuel blends were created by blending 5% (B5), 10% (B10), 20% (B20), 40% (B40), 50% (B50), 60% (B60), 75% (B75), and 100% (B100) of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel to produce the corresponding blends for experimental purposes. Experimental correlations and mathematical equations for predicting the relationship between the kinematic viscosity and the density of the biodiesel-fossil diesel fuel blends, the dependence of the kinematic viscosity and the density of the biodiesel-fossil diesel fuel blends on biodiesel fractions, and the effects of temperature on the kinematic viscosity and density of pure biodiesel were developed. The results of the experimental correlation data were near the predicted mathematical equation with a confidence level of 95%.
Alternative fuels need to satisfy the strict requirements of the use for diesel engines aiming at enhancing the performance and reducing pollutant emissions. The use of straight bio-oils for diesel engines entails improving their disadvantages such as high density, high surface tension and kinematic viscosity (tri-physical parameters). There have been some as-used methods for reduction of the above-mentioned negative effects related to straight bio-oil disadvantage, however, the adequately-heating method may be considered as a simple one helping the physical parameters of straight bio-oils to reach stable and highly-confident values which are close to those of traditional diesel fuel. As a consequence, the spray and atomization, combustion, performance, and emissions of diesel engines fueled with preheated bio-oils are improved. In this work, a study of the dependence of the density, surface tension and kinematic viscosity of coconut oil (a type of bio-oils) on temperatures (from 40-110 o C) within a wide variety are conducted. In the first stage, the influence study of temperature on tri-physical parameters is carried out on the basis of experimental correlation and asdescribed mathematical equation. In the second stage, the influence study of tri-physical parameters on spray and atomization parameters including penetration length (L b) and Sauter mean diameter (SMD), and the influence of tri-physical parameters on fuel supply system are investigated. The optimal range of temperature for the as-used bio-oils is found after analyzing and evaluating the obtained results regarding the physical properties and spray characteristics, as well as compared with those of diesel fuel. The confident level over 95% from the regression correlation equation between the above-mentioned tri-physical parameters and temperature is presented. Additionally, the measured spray parameters, the calculated values of frictional head loss and fuel flow rate are thoroughly reported.
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