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Short-term prediction of passengers' flow is one of the essential elements of the operation and real time control for public transit. Although fine prediction methodologies have been reported, they still need improvement in terms of accuracy when the current or future data either exhibit fluctuations or significant change. To address this issue, in this study, a fusion method including Kalman filtering and K-Nearest Neighbor approach is proposed. The core point of this method is to design a framework to dynamically adjust the weight coefficients of the predicted values obtained by Kalman filtering and K-Nearest Neighbor approach. The Kalman filtering and K-Nearest Neighbor approach can handle different variation trend of the data. The dynamic weight coefficient can more accurately predict the final value by giving more weight to the appropriately predicted method. In the case study of real-world data, the predicted values of alighting passengers and boarding passengers are presented by four predicted methods involving Kalman filtering, K-Nearest Neighbor approach, support vector machine, and the proposed method. According to the comparison of the test results, the proposed fusion method performed better in terms of predicting accuracy, even if time-series data abruptly varied or exhibited wide fluctuations. The proposed methodology was found as one of the effective approaches based on the historical data and current data in the area of passengers' flow forecasting for urban public transit. INDEX TERMS Short-term forecasting, urban public transit, passenger flow, fusion model.

In recent years, with the development of advanced technologies for data collection, real-time bus control strategies have been implemented to improve the daily operation of transit systems, especially headway-based holding control which is a proven strategy to reduce bus bunching and improve service reliability for high-frequency bus routes, with the concept of regulating headways between successive buses. This hot topic has inspired the reconsideration of the traditional issue of fleet size optimization and the integrated bus holding control strategy. The traditional headway-based control method only focused on the regulation of bus headways, without considering the number of buses on the route. The number of buses is usually assumed as a given in advance and the task of the control method is to regulate the headways between successive buses. They did not consider the bus fleet size problem integrated with headway-based holding control method. Therefore, this work has presented a set of optimal control formulations to minimize the costs for the passengers and the bus company through calculating the optimal number of buses and the dynamic holding time, taking into account the randomness of passenger arrivals. A set of equations were formulated to obtain the operation of the buses with headway-based holding control or the schedule-based control method. The objective was to minimize the total cost for the passengers and the bus company in the system, and a Monte Carlo simulation based solution method was subsequently designed to solve the optimization model. The effects of this optimization method were tested under different operational settings. A comparison of the total costs was conducted between the headway-based holding control and the schedule-based holding control. It was found that the model was capable of reducing the costs of the bus company and passengers through utilizing headway-based bus holding control combined with optimization of the bus fleet size. The proposed optimization model could minimize the number of buses on the route for a guaranteed service level, alleviating the problem of redundant bus fleet sizes caused by bus bunching in the traditional schedule-based control method.

Traffic congestion is a common problem in merging regions of freeway networks. An adaptive integrated control method involving variable speed limits and ramp metering is presented with the aim of easing traffic congestion at merging regions. The problem of the imbalanced rights of ways of the upstream mainline and on-ramp at the merging region is solved by constructing the evaluation indices of congestion degree. Specifically, the traffic density and queue length of the upstream mainline and on-ramp are selected for use in the evaluation indices. Then, an adaptive controller is designed, integrating variable speed limits and ramp metering. The proposed method is tested in simulations considering a real freeway network in China calibrated by real traffic variables. The results show that the proposed adaptive integrated control method can prevent traffic flow breakdown and maintain a high outflow at the merging region during peak periods. The adaptive integrated control may lead to a 17% improvement in traffic delay.

Short-term traffic volume forecasting is widely recognized as an important element of intelligent transportation systems, because the accuracy of predictive methods determines the performance of real-time traffic control and management to some extent. The goal of this article is to propose a two-dimensional prediction method using the Kalman filtering theory based on historical data. In the first dimension, using Kalman filtering, we predict the values of traffic flows based on data from the current day and historical data separately. The two predicted values are fused using an equation with weight coefficients where the weight coefficients can be generated in real time in the process of prediction. Accordingly, in the second dimension, using Kalman filtering again, we obtain the predicted value of weight coefficients. In addition, some extreme cases during the process of weight coefficient prediction are discussed, and solutions are proposed as well. The accuracy of the two-dimensional forecasting method is studied based on a set of performance criteria. Comparison of the results of different methods based on field test data of road networks shows that the proposed method outperforms the standard Kalman filtering method, and more accurate traffic flow prediction is obtained using the framework incorporating Fusion method 3 proposed in this article.

To enhance the efficiency of the existing freeway system and therefore to mitigate traffic congestion and related problems on the freeway mainline lane-drop bottleneck region, the advanced strategy for bottleneck control is essential. This paper proposes a method that integrates variable speed limits and ramp metering for freeway bottleneck region control to relieve the chaos in bottleneck region. To this end, based on the analyses of spatial-temporal patterns of traffic flow, a macroscopic traffic flow model is extended to describe the traffic flow operating characteristic by considering the impacts of variable speed limits in mainstream bottleneck region. In addition, to achieve the goal of balancing the priority of the vehicles on mainline and on-ramp, increasing capacity, and reducing travel delay on bottleneck region, an improved control model, as well as an advanced control strategy that integrates variable speed limits and ramp metering, is developed. The proposed method is tested in simulation for a real freeway infrastructure feed and calibrates real traffic variables. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can substantially improve the traffic flow efficiency of mainline and on-ramp and enhance the quality of traffic flow at the investigated freeway mainline bottleneck.

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