An adsorption process using cheap adsorbents could be described as a simple, selective and low cost alternative for the treatment of colored waste water compared to conventional physical and chemical processes. In this study the use of a natural waste adsorbent - ash was investigated for the removal of a textile vat dye Ostanthren Blue GCD remaining after the dyeing of cotton textile. The ash obtained as a waste material during the burning of brown coal in the heating station of Leskovac (Serbia) was used for the treatment of waste waters from the textile industry, i.e., waste water after the dyeing process. The effect of ash quantity, initial dye concentration, pH and agitation time on adsorption was studied. The Langmuir model was used to describe the adsorption isotherm. Based on the analytical expression of the Langmuir model, the adsorption constants, such as adsorption capacity and adsorption energy, were found. Pseudo first and second order kinetic models were studied to evaluate the kinetic data.
The textile industry is one of the biggest industrial consumers of water especially dye houses which utilize synthetic dyes and other chemicals. Natural dyes are generally environmental friendly and have many advantages over synthetic dyes with respect to production and application. In recent years, there has been an interest in the application of these dyes due to their bio-degradability and higher compatibility with the environment. A review of previous work in the field of applying dyestuffs of natural source as possible textile dyes is given. From an ecological viewpoint, the substitution of chemical dyes by 'natural products' in textile dyeing may be feasible and may represent not only a strategy to reduce risks and pollutants, but also an opportunity for new markets and new businesses which can develop from the inclusion of ecology in trade policy
The application of Cyclodextrins for textiles was reviewed in this paper. Cyclodextrins are crystalline, water soluble, cyclic, non-reducing oligosaccharides consisting of six, seven, or eight glucopyranose units. Cyclodextrins are known as products which are able to form inclusion complexes. The ability of Cyclodextrins to form inclusion complexes can be used, e.g., to remove malodor from textile materials, etc. Furthermore, some modifications of the parent Cyclodextrins are possible. The derivatives can be reactive (e.g. cyclodextrin with a monochlorotriazinyl group), more hydrophilic (by means of hydrophilic side groups, such as hydroxypropyl and hydroxyethyl), less hydrophilic (by means of lipophilic side groups, such as ethylhexyl glycidyl) or ionic (by means of ionic side groups, such as hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride).The methods for treating textiles are thus quite simple. The method using anchor-bearing Cyclodextrins is especially useful, since no fixation agent is needed, enabling they use of conventional textile treatment techniques and equipment. Furthermore, this method has virtually no limitations with respect to the textile materials that can be used
Research has shown that ultrasound traveling in the form of waves through liquids causes the effect of cavitation. Cavitation is manifested in a continuous creation and disappearance of vacuums within the liquid. Therefore, interruptions are created in the liquid, that is, strong forcing waves are made. The cavitation strikes are used in solid matter destruction, emulsion creation, greasy surface cleansing, and the like. The ultrasonic energy has been applied in textile industry, for the most part in soaking processes, and textile washing and cleaning. There is research indicating that ultrasonic energy can be used in dyeing of cotton with direct and reactive dyes, of polyamid and wool with acid dyes, and of polyester and acetate fibers with disperse dyes. Based on previous research, this paper is an account of an experiment whose aim was to implement the latest achievements in vibration and ultrasonic theory in textile dyeing technologies. Thus cotton knitwear has been dyed with vinylsulphonic reactive dye, with and without the use of ultrasonic energy, and with the introduction of an air bubble in the dye tub with the application of ultrasonic energy. Previous experiments have shown that ultrasound contributes to greater dye absorption from the tub, so that equal distribution dyeing with the use of ultrasound requires less dye, shorter period of dyeing, less power consumption, and at the same time the pollution of waste waters is reduced. All these characteristics make this procedure economically and ecologically affordable. So as to intensify the process, this research has been directed towards the introduction of an air bubble in the dyeing tub which is under the effect of ultrasound. Dye absorption from the tub and dye penetration in the fabric have been monitored by means of spectrophotometry (absorption and reflection spectrophotometry). Previous research projects have not been able to explain completely the fundamental interaction of ultrasound and fibers, that is, reactive dyes in water, and with that, in the process of dyeing itself. Therefore, future work will deal with this problem. [This paper is a part of research done for the requirements of the project titled ‘‘Modern Approaches in New Dyeing Procedure Development for Optimal Pollution of the Environment,’’ and financed by Science and Technology Ministry of Serbia.]
Ultrasonic energy has shown a wide range of application possibilities in many fields of human craftsmanship, and its application in textile industry has been a matter of research for a number of years. For the time being, the best results have been achieved in other research still being done in laboratories. This paper presents a part of the overall research done within the project ‘‘Modern Approaches in New Dyeing Procedure Development for Optimal Pollution of the Environment,’’ financed by Science and Technology Ministry of Serbia. One of the predetermined objectives of the project is to examine the possibility of ultrasonic energy application in technological processes of dyeing cellulose fabrics by vinylsulphonic dyes. Having that in mind, it is necessary to systematically investigate all of the aspects of ultrasonic energy effects on textile substrata, the dye, and the relation of dye solution and fiber. In the experiments, cellulose microfiber knitwear has been dyed with vinylsulphonic dyes according to the on-line procedure, at a stable temperature, with the addition of varying quantities of salt. Concerning the fact that salt has the ability of enhancing dye absorption from the tub, and that ultrasonic energy helps the process of absorption, the quantity of salt required may be reduced, and thus reduce the cost of dyeing and the pollution of waste waters. Dye absorption from the tub has been monitored by means of absorption spectrophotometry. With the method of reflection spectrophotometry, spectral remission curves have been measured, K/S values calculated, and respectively the relative intensity of dyeing on the fabric determined.
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