This study examined time-management and self-care coping techniques that multiple-role women use and their relation to self-reported levels of distress, stress, and marital adjustment. The subjects (JV = 69) were married, had at least one child under the age of 12, and were employed outside the home for more than 20 hr per week. Subjects completed a demographic questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Derogatis Stress Profile, and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test. In addition, subjects participated in a 15-min structured interview designed to assess number, type, and frequency of use of time-management and self-care coping strategies. Results of the study indicated that the number, type, and frequency of use of coping strategies were significantly related to self-reported levels of distress, stress, and particularly marital adjustment. Further analysis of high and low scorers on the marital-adjustment test revealed significant differences between the groups on measures of distress and coping. Subjects in the high-niarital-adjustment group had significantly lower levels of distress, employed a greater number of coping strategies, and reported greater frequency of use of coping strategies than subjects in the low-marital-adjustment group.An important gender-related issue in counseling psychology involves the relation between distress, stress, marital adjustment, and coping strategies. Women and men respond to stressors with different distress reactions and coping strategies. Women, on the whole, report more distress than men, even though there is no evidence that women are exposed to a greater number of stressors than men (Kessler, 1979;Russo, 1985). Thus, exposure to the same kinds of stressors and frequency of occurrence seem to have a different effect depending on gender. Some researchers have concluded that much of the gender difference is attributable to differences in appraisal of stressors and in differences in coping strategies (Kessler, McLeod, & Wethington, 1985). Women, for example, are more likely than men to appraise interpersonal events such as those occurring within the marital relationship as stressful. Women also appear to cope less effectively with stressors than men and, in fact, in some instances to employ passive coping strategies that may exacerbate rather than reduce distress (Billings & Moos, 1981;Pearlin & Schooler, 1978). An analysis of particular coping strategies used by women is important because there is some relation between the type of coping strategy one uses and the degree to which a stressor results in actual distress. This relationship has been found to be particularly important in the marital domain (Pearlin & Schooler).For women who are married with children and also employed outside of the home, the marital relationship can be a potentially even greater stressor. Two-career couples have the highest rate of divorce in the United States. Lack of time for spouse, lack of emotional support, and competition between
Even though skin disease is one of the leading causes of global disease burden, identifying and implementing appropriate dermatology assessment tools remains a challenge with key gaps in the care coordination evidence-base. Existing international policy and guidance recommend that informal dermatological caregivers of children should have access to regular and appropriate assessment of their psychosocial needs. Healthcare professionals need to be able to access relevant, high quality, accessible and up to date information on available, validated and useful needs assessment tools in order to triage, identify and support the unmet psychosocial needs of these caregivers. This comprehensive systematic review aims to assess the availability and usefulness of skin disorder psychosocial needs assessment tools validated for use among dermatological family caregivers. Electronic databases including EMBASE, PsycINFO, MEDLINE (in Ovid SP), Cochrane and CINAHL EBSCO were searched (2000-2019). To enhance the sensitivity, forward searches were conducted in U Search, Web of Science and several trial registers. Title, abstract and full screening, and data abstraction were done in duplicate. 185 full-text articles were examined from a total of 8796 records and 11 assessment tools were included in this review. In contrast to the high number of dermatology and disease-specific needs assessment tools identified, limited evidence supports the quality of their methodological and measurement properties. The tools generally quantified patient outcome measures or were generic quality of life (QoL) tools, which are not recommended by Cochrane Skin Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology. Although many of the reviewed tools quantify similar constructs, none directly measured caregivers’ need in terms of both problems and supports, but instead utilized measures of other constructs as a proxy for caregivers’ need. No dermatology-specific or disease-specific caregiver psychosocial needs assessment e-tool exists. Recommendations for the use of disease-specific caregiver assessment tools for healthcare settings must be made with caution because of their limitations in terms of methodology and practical usefulness. With an ever-increasing emphasis on e-health and existing demand on limited and valuable healthcare resources, dermatological caregiver needs assessment tools need to be reconsidered within the construct of ‘prevention is better than cure’ whereby needs are directly assessed on two levels; problems and interventions. This review highlights the need to develop an accessible integrated solution-focused model of dermatological caregiver assessment which provides healthcare professionals with an opportunity to triage and/or identify unmet care needs and facilitates dermatological caregivers to both self-report their needs and choose their own solutions.
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