The sacral hiatus has anatomic variations. Understanding of these variations may improve the reliability of CEB.

using a large population-based sample, our results suggest that lower hand-grip strength, standardised using age and gender, is both cross-sectionally and longitudinally associated with depressive symptoms.

NRI prevented mechanical allodynia. However, no additional benefit from using corticosteroid was identified, suggesting that corticosteroid may be unnecessary for NRI.

We provide evidence that several TLRs are expressed in human IVD cells, with TLR2 possibly playing the most crucial role. As TLRs mediate catabolic and inflammatory processes, increased levels of TLRs may lead to aggravated disc degeneration, chronic inflammation and pain development. Especially with the identification of more endogenous TLR ligands, targeting these receptors may hold therapeutic promise.

Resveratrol was able to reduce levels of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and showed analgetic potential in vivo. A decrease in proinflammatory cytokines may possibly be the underlying mechanism of pain reduction observed in vivo. Resveratrol seems to have considerable potential for the treatment of NP-mediated pain and may thus be an alternative to other currently discussed (biological) treatment options.