West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus. WNV strains are classified into several genetic lineages on the basis of phylogenetic differences. Whereas lineage 1 viruses are distributed worldwide, lineage 2 WNV was first detected outside of Africa in Hungary in 2004. Since then, WNV-associated disease and mortality in animal and human hosts have been documented periodically in Hungary. After the first detection of WNV from a pool of Culex pipiens mosquitoes in 2010, samples were collated from several sources and tested in a 2-year monitoring program. Collection areas were located in the Southern Transdanubium, in northeastern Hungary, in eastern Hungary, and in southeastern Hungary. During the 2 years, 23,193 mosquitoes in 645 pools were screened for WNV virus presence with RT-PCR. Three pools were found positive for WNV in 2011 (one pool of Ochlerotatus annulipes collected in Fényeslitke in June, one pool of Coquillettidia richiardii collected in Debrecen, Fancsika-tó, in July, and one pool of Cx. pipiens captured near Red-Footed Falcon colonies at Kardoskút in September). The minimal infection rate (MIR=proportion of infected mosquitoes per 1000 mosquitoes) of all mosquito pools was 0.25, whereas the MIR of infected species was 2.03 for O. annulipes, 0.63 for C. richiardii, and 2.70 for C.x pipiens. Molecular data have demonstrated that the same lineage 2 WNV strain has circulated in wild birds, horses, humans, and mosquitoes in Hungary since 2004. Mosquito-based surveillance successfully complemented the ongoing, long-term passive surveillance system and it was useful for the early detection of WNV circulation.

The complexity of information flow and cooperation among enterprises operating in a supply chain is growing. This process has a significant impact on the economy and the objective is that both traditional and new ICT (Information and Communication Technology) solutions meet the pressing needs for more efficient business processes. The current paper focuses on enterprises belonging to the food supply chain and analyses some indicators supporting the information flow within the company and with partners (being either a partner enterprise or the final consumer). Our Institute has prepared a survey to examine the ICT usage and attitude by enterprises operating in the agri-food sector. The importance of business processes supportable by ICT had to be assessed by companies. In this study we evaluated the importance of some ICT indicators supporting information flow in the chain. The main objective of the current article is to determine the difference between food enterprises divided by different grouping factors regarding their evaluation of the chosen indicators. In our opinion, competitive advantage may be reached using ICT solutions for widening and maintaining relations through a more effective information flow with partners and consumers.

No abstract

Összefoglaló:A kétéltűek (Amphibia) globálisan az egyik legveszélyeztetettebb élőlénycsoport, ezért elterjedésük ismerete alapvetően fontos, különösen olyan védett területeken, ahonnan kevés a korábbi információ és aktív beavatkozások zajlanak. Jelen munkánkban összesítjük az Egyekpusztakócsi mocsarak területén több korábbi vizsgálatban végzett felméréseink faunisztikai eredményeit, melyeket ötféle mintavételi módszerrel gyűjtöttünk 15 darab 2,5x2,5 kilométeres UTM cellában. Összesen 11 kétéltűfaj (pettyes gőte, dunai tarajosgőte, vöröshasú unka, barna ásóbéka, barna varangy, zöld varangy, zöld levelibéka, mocsári béka, kis tavibéka, nagy tavibéka, kecskebéka) 14 362 egyedét figyeltük meg. A hat legjobban felmért UTM négyzet között nem volt jelentős eltérés a diverzitás tekintetében. Két 10x10 kilométeres UTM négyzet (DT86 és 96) esetében öt és hét faj jelenlétével bővültek ismereteink. Nagy állományokkal volt jelen két Natura 2000-es jelölőfaj, a vöröshasú unka és a dunai tarajosgőte. Eredményeink szerint a mocsárrendszer a tájrehabilitációs beavatkozásoknak köszönhetően értékes és diverz kétéltűfaunának szolgál otthonául, ezért megfelelő kezelése és védelme kiemelt fontossággal bír. ábra. A vizsgálati terület (Egyek-pusztakócsi mocsárrendszer) kiterjedése, a nagyobb mocsarak elhelyezkedése és a terület 2,5x2,5 kilométeres UTM négyzetekkel való lefedettsége.

A szerző áttekintést nyújt az új magyar büntetőeljárási törvény alapvető elveiről és intézményeiről.

Hungary Post-2010 has been ruled by Viktor Orbán and his right-wing Fidesz party and is generally regarded as a typical case of populist governance. Reforming the Penal Code was one of the first major policy changes initiated by Fidesz shortly after winning the 2010 elections. It introduced the ‘three-strikes’ principle into Hungarian penal policy which is considered a prime example of penal populism. It could be inferred that in the past decade Hungarian penal policy has been dominated by penal populism and punitive measures. This paper argues that reality is more nuanced and presents the concepts of penal populism and populist policy making, with a special focus on the Hungarian context. The article provides an overview of the most important penal policy measures in the past two decades and examines whether and how increased strictness of legislative acts influenced the sentencing practice. The paper highlights the related results of an empirical survey on public opinions about criminal law and ends with a case study exploration of the intersections of lowering the age limit of criminal responsibility and penal populism.

Napjainkban számos területen érezhetjük a digitalizáció pozitív hatását. Nincs ez máshogy az egészségügy területén sem, ahol az IoT-koncepció (Internet of Things) adatgyűjtéssel, illetve a Big Data koncepció adatkezeléssel kapcsolatos megoldásai hozzájárulnak az adatorientált, személyre szabott egészségügyi döntésekhez. Jelen kutatás célja a fogyasztók témakörrel kapcsolatos véleményének felmérése, illetve a technológiai megoldások diffúzióját befolyásoló faktorok meghatározása annak érdekében, hogy a kutatás folytatásaként az igényekhez illeszkedő hardver- és szoftverplatform kialakítására nyíljon lehetőség. Az elfogadottságot befolyásoló tényezők vizsgálata érdekében kérdőíves felmérés történt öt fő témakört érintően, beleértve a különböző eszközökről és szolgáltatásokról alkotott véleményt. Az általános változók mellett a UTAUT2-technológia elfogadásának és használatának kiegészített modellje került alkalmazásra, a területhez való alkalmazkodás érdekében. Az elemzés során strukturális egyenletek modellezése (PLS-SEM) zajlott, majd az egyes tényezők látens változókra gyakorolt hatása ordinális logisztikus regresszióval került górcső alá, ezzel vizsgálva a modell fejlesztésének lehetőségeit.

Digitalization in agri-food supply chain has become increasingly important since safe and secure food supply is a priority for stakeholders. ICT-based (Information and Communication Technologies) business solutions have an impact on the whole food supply chain and separately the participants (producers, processors, distributors, retailers and consumers). Advanced technologies support many business activities as proving traceability and transparency, improving internal business processes, simplifying cooperation with partners and establishing the capability to develop supplementary value-added services. The main objective of the current paper is to determine the development potentials of digitalized business processes related to the operation of companies related to the production and processing of agricultural products and food. For this aim, we analysed the differences between food producers and food processors regarding their evaluation of ICT solutions in their partnerships and for certain business activities. Institute of Applied Informatics and Logistics at University of Debrecen has prepared a questionnaire for a survey on the assessment of ICT by food producer and food processor enterprises (n=500). We go into a little bit more depth about the role of information share with the final consumers as they are more and more conscious about their food and may have special information requirements for food products. Thus, we supplemented our research with another questionnaire that was aimed at young food consumers (n=376) to survey their attitude to the main food information and the opportunities to support their choice. For the analyses, we used descriptive statistical methods and Mann-Whitney test. Our results show that both enterprise categories assessed the variables tested as being rather medium importance. Statistically, processors evaluated two variables significantly higher compared to producers these were the ‘Fast evaluation of business performance’ (Sig(2-tailed=0,010) and ‘Operating high-quality website’ (Sig(2-tailed)=0.012). For the respondent consumers, food component list is one of the most important product information. The importance of this variable was the third during the purchase (after price and quality) and second in product comparison (after price). The majority (64%) often or always read this information on the package. Most respondents indicated a willingness to use such mobile applications that may support easy information access.