The stable isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen (δ 2 H and δ 18 O) and tritium activity ( 3 H) are monitored in monthly precipitation at Ljubljana since 1981. Here we present complete set of numerical data and the statistical analysis for period
Bottled water is a food product that considerably depends on the environment from which it originates, not only at the place where it is produced, but predominantly on the conditions in the recharge area of the wells captured for bottling. According to their source and the bottling process, bottled waters can be divided into natural and artificially sparkling waters, still and flavoured waters. These waters originate from various parts of the hydrological cycle and their natural origin is reflected in their hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic compositions (delta(2)H and delta(18)O). A total of 58 domestic and foreign brands and 16 replicates of bottled waters, randomly collected on the Slovene market in September 2004, were analysed for delta(2)H and delta(18)O. The isotopic composition varied between -83 per thousand and -46 per thousand with an average of -66 per thousand for hydrogen, and between -11.9 per thousand and -7.5 per thousand with an average of -9.6 per thousand for oxygen. This investigation helped (1) to determine and test the classification of bottled waters, (2) to determine the natural origin of bottled water, and (3) to indicate differences between the natural and production processes. The production process may influence the isotopic composition of flavoured waters and artificially sparkling waters. No such modification was observed for still and natural sparkling waters. The methods applied, together with hydrological knowledge, can be used for the authentication of bottled waters for regulatory and consumer control applications.
We modified a passive capillary sampler (PCS) to collect snowmelt water for isotopic analysis. Past applications of PCSs have been to sample soil water, but the novel aspect of this study was the placement of the PCSs at the ground-snowpack interface to collect snowmelt. We deployed arrays of PCSs at 11 sites in ten partner countries on five continents representing a range of climate and snow cover worldwide. The PCS reliably collected snowmelt at all sites and caused negligible evaporative fractionation effects in the samples. PCS is low-cost, easy to install, and collects a representative integrated snowmelt sample throughout the melt season or at the melt event scale. Unlike snow cores, the PCS collects the water that would actually infiltrate the soil; thus, its isotopic composition is appropriate to use for tracing snowmelt water through the hydrologic cycle. The purpose of this Briefing is to show the potential advantages of PCSs and recommend guidelines for constructing and installing them based on our preliminary results from two snowmelt seasons.
The stable isotopic composition (delta(2)H and delta(18)O) of short-term (daily) precipitation collected from October 2002 to September 2003 at two stations in a coastal, karstic area in south-western Slovenia was investigated. In addition, monthly composite samples were collected and analysed for comparison with amount-weighted monthly means. The delta(2)H and delta(18)O values obtained show a wide range and reflect seasonal climatic variations. Deuterium excess and local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) were determined and cumulative frequency analysis and coincidence tests were performed. The statistical coincidence test showed that the LMWLs calculated from monthly data for Portoroz and Kozina are coincident, but the LMWLs calculated from daily precipitation events are not. This difference could be explained by the greater variance of the isotopic composition of daily precipitation in comparison to monthly composite samples and also to the influence of evaporation during events below<1 mm at Portoroz during the extremely dry and warm spring-summer season of 2003. Finally, synoptic maps and backward trajectories of a selected precipitation event showed that changes of isotopic composition are related to mixing of air masses originating from the continent and Mediterranean cyclogenesis.
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