Pasta was prepared by replacing 20% of semolina with native and fermented quinoa flour and the effects of substitution on the technological and nutritional characteristics were evaluated. The addition of quinoa reflected the chemical composition of pasta, which had higher fiber, protein, and free amino acids content than semolina pasta, particularly in the case of pasta containing quinoa flour fermented with selected lactic acid bacteria. Furthermore, free amino acids, total phenols, and the antioxidant activity of pasta prepared with fermented quinoa flour were up to twice as high than the other types of pasta. When fermented quinoa flour was used, the water absorption during cooking was the lowest, even though cooking loss was also observed. The use of quinoa flour affected the textural characteristics of pasta, increased the tenacity and, when fermented, also the elasticity. The effects of quinoa fermentation were evident on the nutritional quality of fortified pasta, showing the highest in vitro protein digestibility, protein nutritional indices (Essential Amino Acid Index, Biological Value, Protein Efficiency Ratio, and Nutritional Index), as well as lowest predicted glycemic index. These results indicate the positive effect of fermented quinoa flour on pasta fortification
Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the major by-product of the brewing industry which remain largely unutilized despite its nutritional quality. In this study, the effects of fermentation on BSG antioxidant potential were analyzed. A biotechnological protocol including the use of xylanase followed by fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lactobacillus plantarum) PU1, PRO17, and H46 was used. Bioprocessed BSG exhibited enhanced antioxidant potential, characterized by high radical scavenging activity, long-term inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation and protective effect toward oxidative stress on human keratinocytes NCTC 2544. Immunolabelling and confocal laser microscopy showed that xylanase caused an extensive cell wall arabinoxylan disruption, contributing to the release of bound phenols molecules, thus available to further conversion through lactic acid bacteria metabolism. To clarify the role of fermentation on the antioxidant BSG potential, phenols were selectively extracted and characterized through HPLC-MS techniques. Novel antioxidant peptides were purified and identified in the most active bioprocessed BSG.
20The effects of the substitution of wheat flour with faba bean flour and faba bean sourdough on the 21 properties of composite bread were investigated. Bread was prepared by replacing wheat flour with 22 30% of faba bean flour, native or after sourdough fermentation. The addition of faba bean flour 23 influenced the structure of the breads, causing a slight decrease of volume and higher hardness 24 compared to wheat bread. However, when fermented faba bean flour was added, the crumb porosity of 25 the bread was not affected. The addition of 30% of faba bean flour increased wheat bread protein 26 content from 11.6 up to 16.5 % of dry matter. The addition of native faba bean flour did not affect the 27 in vitro protein digestibility, resulting similar to wheat bread (64%). On the contrary, faba bean 28 sourdough bread showed higher protein digestibility (73%). Generally, the addition of native faba bean 29 flour caused an improvement of the nutritional indexes of the composite bread, further enhanced when 30 fermentation was carried out. The free amino acid profile, protein chemical score, and biological value 31 index were the highest in faba bean sourdough bread. In addition, the predicted glycemic index was the 32 lowest in faba bean sourdough bread. 33
Cereals are one of the major food sources in human diet and a large quantity of by-products is generated throughout their processing chain. These by-products mostly consist of the germ and outer layers (bran), deriving from dry and wet milling of grains, brewers' spent grain originating from brewing industry, or others originating during bread-making and starch production. Cereal industry by-products are rich in nutrients, but still they end up as feed, fuel, substrates for biorefinery, or waste. The above uses, however, only provide a partial recycle. Although cereal processing industry side streams can potentially provide essential compounds for the diet, their use in food production is limited by their challenging technological properties. For this reason, the development of innovative biotechnologies is essential to upgrade these by-products, potentially leading to the design of novel and commercially competitive functional foods. Fermentation has been proven as a very feasible option to enhance the technological, sensory, and especially nutritional and functional features of the cereal industry by-products. Through the increase of minerals, phenolics and vitamins bioavailability, proteins digestibility, and the degradation of antinutritional compounds as phytic acid, fermentation can lead to improved nutritional quality of the matrix. In some cases, more compelling benefits have been discovered, such as the synthesis of bioactive compounds acting as antimicrobial, antitumoral, antioxidant agents. When used for baked-goods manufacturing, fermented cereal by-products have enhanced their nutritional profile. The key factor of a successful use of cereal by-products in food applications is the use of a proper bioprocessing technology, including fermentation with selected starters. In the journey toward a more efficient food chain, biotechnological approaches for the valorization of agricultural side streams can be considered a very valuable help.
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