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When using artificial satellites to discover more about the outside world, optics have a very special, fundamental role to play. Whether observing the Earth in detail, including its vegetation and atmosphere or detecting pollution, analysing the chemical composition of stars or galaxies, measuring angular deviations or the velocity of celestial objects, the natural option is to use visible, ultraviolet or infrared instrumentation in order to extend our knowledge.Since its creation in the sixties, the French Space Agency CNES, just like other space agencies, has been heavily involved in observation projects and those aiming to physically characterize natural, terrestrial, planetary, stellar or galactic phenomena. At first fairly straightforward, experiments quickly benefitted from the huge advances made in technology, making it possible to construct and send into space veritable observatories stable in both attitude and temperature. Such observatories are also equipped with computing facilities and a transmission downlink capability.After the first scientific experiments, more ambitious space astronomy projects such as D2B were given the go-ahead by CNES. This satellite flew five experiments investigating solar and stellar radiation in the far ultraviolet: spectral analysis and photometry of stars located around the ecliptic, study of solar activity and determination of atmospheric absorption. Photometers and spectrometers working in the visible or far ultraviolet were orbited for this purpose (with a O-8194-1514-6/94/$6.OO SPIE Vol. 2210 / 1 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/24/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx SPIE Vol. 2210 / 7 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/24/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx

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Background US recommendations on patient safety support the use of point-of-care activated systems (POCAS) for infusion of labile drugs but this concept is almost unknown in Europe, which mainly uses syringe & needle (SYRNE) or transfer-set (TRASE) methods performed by nurses. Purpose To identify and publicise the added value of POCAS on quality of care. Materials and methods The authors conducted 4 different studies in 4 unrelated hospitals to compare POCAS versus the SYRNE method (or TRASE method when available). The POCAS chosen, assembled in our CIVAS facility, was Augmentin 1g phial linked to a 50-mL saline Viaflo bag via a EuroVialMate connector. Reconstitution/administration (n=944) was performed by 44 nurses unfamiliar with POCAS and scored with subjective and objective measurements. Results All medians were adjusted to 100%-excellence scales so that the SYRNE method (or TRASE method when available) scored 50%. When results were rated on this scale, 7 significant arguments emerged in favour of POCAS: 1) Product quality due to standardised batch production: 92% versus SYRNE (89% versus TRASE), 2) Outsourcing opportunity for small hospitals without PICs-compliant facilities, as encouraged by Belgian health authorities, 3) Patient safety: 94%, due to less risk of bacterial contamination (closed system), 4) Nurse safety: 94%, due to no contact with sensitising drugs and less risk of needle pricks, 5) Intuitive training (3 administrations) and ease of use: 90% (or 89%), 6) Cost containment due to just-in-time reconstitution (15%) and 44% time gain versus SYRNE, 7) Ecological impact: 91% (or 89%), due to no syringe, less metal, less waste and no dioxin production during incineration. Conclusions The authors recommend POCAS for daily routine infusions of labile drugs.

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When using artificial satellites to discover more about the outside world, optics have a very special, fundamental role to play. Whether observing the Earth in detail, including its vegetation and atmosphere or detecting pollution, analysing the chemical composition of stars or galaxies, measuring angular deviations or the velocity of celestial objects, the natural option is to use visible, ultraviolet or infrared instrumentation in order to extend our knowledge.Since its creation in the sixties, the French Space Agency CNES, just like other space agencies, has been heavily involved in observation projects and those aiming to physically characterize natural, terrestrial, planetary, stellar or galactic phenomena. At first fairly straightforward, experiments quickly benefitted from the huge advances made in technology, making it possible to construct and send into space veritable observatories stable in both attitude and temperature. Such observatories are also equipped with computing facilities and a transmission downlink capability.After the first scientific experiments, more ambitious space astronomy projects such as D2B were given the go-ahead by CNES. This satellite flew five experiments investigating solar and stellar radiation in the far ultraviolet: spectral analysis and photometry of stars located around the ecliptic, study of solar activity and determination of atmospheric absorption. Photometers and spectrometers working in the visible or far ultraviolet were orbited for this purpose (with a O819415138"94'$6.00 SPIE Vol. 2209 / 1 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/23/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx SPIE Vol. 2209 / 7 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 06/23/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx