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Introduction: The study aimed to analyze the influence of restaging transurethral resection of bladder tumor (reTURB) timing on outcomes in patients receiving Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy. Material and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 491 patients with bladder cancer receiving BCG intravesical therapy between 1998 and 2016. All patients were followed up for at least 12 months and received at least 7 BCG instillations. The patients were analyzed in terms of recurrence free, progression free, and cancer specific survival (CSS). Results: Median follow-up was 57 months (12–257 months). The risk for all analyzed clinical events was higher in patients who underwent reTURB after 6 weeks from primary TURB. After the change point of 57 days after primary resection, further delay was not associated with increased risk of recurrence and progression. The time limit for CSS was 76 days. With every 1 more day of time interval between TURB and reTURB, the risk of each clinical event in follow-up increased by 4%. Conclusions: There is no benefit of the reTURB performed after 8 weeks from primary TURB. Optimal timing of reTURB is from 2 to 6 weeks after initial TURB. However, even within this time frame, the sooner the procedure is performed, the risk of recurrence, progression, or cancer-specific death is lower.

The current investigations were undertaken to study the mechanism of the adverse effect of phytoestrogens on the function of bovine granulosa (follicles >1< cm in diameter) and luteal cells from day 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-19 of the oestrous cycle. The cells were incubated with genistein, daidzein or coumestrol (each at the dose of 1 × 10(-6) m). The viability and secretion of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and oxytocin (OT) were measured after 72 h of incubation. Moreover, the expression of mRNA for neurophysin-I/OT (NP-I/OT; precursor of OT) and peptidyl-glycine-α-amidating monooxygenase (PGA, an enzyme responsible for post-translational OT synthesis) was determined after 8 h of treatment. None of the phytoestrogens used affected the viability of cells except for coumestrol. The increased secretion of E2 and P4 was only obtained by coumestrol (p<0.05) from granulosa cells from follicles <1cm in diameter and decreased from luteal cells on days 11-15 of the oestrous cycle, respectively. All three phytoestrogens stimulated (p<0.05) OT secretion from granulosa and luteal cells in all stages of the oestrous cycle and the expression of NP-I/OT mRNA in the both types of cells. The expression of mRNA for PGA was stimulated (p<0.05) by daidzein and coumestrol in granulosa cells, and by genistein and coumestrol in luteal cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that these phytoestrogens can impair the ovary function in cattle by adversely affecting the synthesis of OT in follicles and in corpus luteum. However, their influence on the ovarian steroids secretion was less evident.

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