SUMMARYExposure of marine invertebrates to high temperatures leads to a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, a drop in the cellular ATP concentration ([ATP]), and subsequent death. In mammals, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a major regulator of cellular [ATP] and activates ATP-producing pathways, while inhibiting ATP-consuming pathways. We hypothesized that temperature stress in marine invertebrates activates AMPK to provide adequate concentrations of ATP at increased but sublethal temperatures and that AMPK consequently can serve as a stress indicator (similar to heat shock proteins, HSPs). We tested these hypotheses through two experiments with the rock crab, Cancer irroratus. First, crabs were exposed to a progressive temperature increase (6°C h -1 ) from 12 to 30°C. AMPK activity, total AMPK protein and HSP70 levels, reaction time, heart rate and lactate accumulation were measured in hearts at 2°C increments. AMPK activity remained constant between 12 and 18°C, but increased up to 9.1(±1.5)-fold between 18 and 30°C. The crabsʼ reaction time also decreased above 18°C. By contrast, HSP70 (total and inducible) and total AMPK protein expression levels did not vary significantly over this temperature range. Second, crabs were exposed for up to 6 h to the sublethal temperature of 26°C. This prolonged exposure led to a constant elevation of AMPK activity and levels of HSP70 mRNA. AMPK mRNA continuously increased, indicating an additional response in gene expression. We conclude that AMPK is an earlier indicator of temperature stress in rock crabs than HSP70, especially during the initial response to high temperatures. We discuss the temperature-dependent increase in AMPK activity in the context of Shelfordʼs law of tolerance. Specifically, we describe AMPK activity as a cellular marker that indicates a thermal threshold, called the pejus temperature, T p . At T p the animals leave their optimum range and enter a temperature range with a limited aerobic scope for exercise. This T p is reached periodically during annual temperature fluctuations and has higher biological significance than earlier described critical temperatures, at which the animals switch to anaerobic metabolism and HSP expression is induced.
Exposure of marine invertebrates to high temperatures leads to a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, a drop in cellular [ATP], and subsequent death. In mammals AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a major regulator of cellular [ATP] that activates ATP‐producing pathways while inhibiting ATP‐consuming pathways. We hypothesized that temperature stress activates AMPK to provide adequate [ATP] at higher sublethal temperatures. Cancer irroratus, were exposed to a progressive temperature increase (6°C/h) from 12 to 30°C and heart rate was recorded. Western blots measured AMPK activity, total AMPK protein and HSP70 levels of hearts taken at 2°C increments. In a separate experiment the AMPK activator Metformin was injected prior to temperature stress. AMPK activity remained constant between 12 and 18°C and increased linearly 9.1±1.5 fold between 18 and 30°C (ANOVA, p<0.05). HSP70 and total AMPK levels showed no changes. Metformin increased AMPK activity 2.8±0.8 fold (p<0.05) at 12°C. Metformin reduced maximum heart rates compared to saline injected controls (113±19 vs. 153±60 bpm, p<0.05) and these crabs were less temperature tolerant (maximum bpm at 23 vs. 29°C). We conclude that AMPK is an early indicator of temperature stress. AMPK activity increases with temperature, but enhanced AMPK activity reduces temperature tolerance. Therefore, AMPK plays an important role in temperature tolerance in crabs.
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