Abstract:The amount of energy that can be gained from the wind is unlimited, unlike current energy sources such as fossil and coal. While there is an important push in the use of wind energy, gears and bearing components of the turbines often fail due to contact fatigue, causing costly repairs and downtime. The objective of this work is to investigate the potential tribological benefits of two phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) as additives to a synthetic lubricant without additives and to a fully formulated and commercially available wind turbine oil. In this work, AISI 52100 steel disks were tested in a ball-on-flat reciprocating tribometer against AISI 440C steel balls. Surface finish also affects the tribological properties of gear surfaces. In order to understand the combined effect of using the ILs with surface finish, two surface finishes were also used in this study. Adding ILs to the commercial available or synthetic lubricant reduced the wear scar diameter for both surface finishes. This decrease was particularly important for trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide, where a wear reduction of the steel disk around 20% and 23% is reached when 5 wt % of this IL is added to the commercially available lubricant and to the synthetic lubricant without additives, respectively.
Many experts agree that effective management of system reliability and reliability validation during product development is a key to achieve superior time to market and life cycle quality. However, reliability performance prediction is a common problem faced by all product developers and it is usually a difficult task. A related problem is to determine the reliability performance of a remanufactured product. Clearly, the remanufacturer would like to know the expected reliability of their product before entering it into service, but unlike an original manufacturer, they will typically have much less information available to them. In this paper, a general framework for reliability prediction in a remanufacturing environment is proposed. A case study of a remanufactured engine cylinder head that has had a fatigue crack repaired by a welding process will be presented in order to illustrate the process. The approach combines the use of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Experimental Model Building, Monte Carlo Simulation and Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) to generate a reliability estimate. The FMEA and physical modeling will be used to generate a model that relates the welding process control parameters to the fatigue performance of the test specimens. Monte Carlo Simulation techniques and LEFM will build on the above model to relate the process control parameters to the reliability performance. The paper concludes by discussing the utility of such a model and approach, and presents the future research agenda.
Many food processing plants in New York State generate large volume waste streams with a wide variety of physical and chemical properties. With greater environmental regulation and increasing fees for municipal sewer and solid waste disposal, additional innovative ‘disposal’ methods for these wastes need to be developed. One attractive alternative is to use the food processing waste as feedstock for a waste-to-energy conversion process comprising two distinct systems, namely waste-to-fuel and fuel-to-energy. The fuel can either be sold to generate revenue, or converted on-site to electrical or thermal energy to offset the plant power requirements. In this study, the technical viability and economic benefit of applying waste-to-energy solutions to a diverse selection of companies producing milk, cheese, beer, and tofu were assessed. Depending upon the volumes and composition of the available waste streams (including analysis of sugar content, biological oxygen demand, etc.) there may be a compelling business case to utilize the food waste as feedstock for ethanol, biodiesel or methane-rich biogas production.
hnproved fuel economy and a reduction of emissions can be achieved by insulation of the combustion chamber components to reduce heat rejection. However, insulating the combustion chamber components will also increase the operating temperature of the piston ring/cylinder lirler interface from approximately 150 C to over 300 C. Existing ring/liner materials can not withstand these higher operating temperatures and for this reason, new materials need to be developed for this critical tribological interface. The overall goal of this program is the development of piston ring/cylinder liner material pairs which would be able to provide the required friction and wear properties at these more severe operating conditions. More specifically, this program first selected, and then evaluated, potential wear resistant coatings which could be applied to either piston rings and/or cylinder liners " and provide, at 350 C under lubricated conditions, coefficients of friction below 0.1 and , wear rates of less than 25x 10.6mm/hour.The processes selected for applying the candidate wear resistant coatings to piston rings " and/or cylinder liners were plasma spraying, chemical vapor, physical vapor and low temperature arc w_por deposition techniques as well as enameling te_-hniques The adherence of each coating and application process selected to either cast iron (for potential cylinder liner coatings), H-13 tool steel or 17-4 PH stainless steel (for potential piston ring coatings) was delermined using a modified tensile pull adherence test. Except for two ceramic coating candidates, all the coatir_gs had acceptable adherence. The two plasma sprayed ceramic coatings which had unacceptable adherence had significantly low_.r thermal expansion coefficients than the metallic substrates on which they were applied. A graded coating, containing various layers containing different ratios of metallic bond coat t_ ceramic, was devised for these to coatings to gradually reduce these differences in thermal expansion. These graded coatings had significantly improved adherence.
hnproved fuel economy and a reduction of emissions can be achieved by insulation of the combustion chamber components to reduce heat rejection. However, insulating the combustion chamber components will also increase the operating temperature of the piston ring/cylinder lirler interface from approximately 150 C to over 300 C. Existing ring/liner materials can not withstand these higher operating temperatures and for this reason, new materials need to be developed for this critical tribological interface. The overall goal of this program is the development of piston ring/cylinder liner material pairs which would be able to provide the required friction and wear properties at these more severe operating conditions. More specifically, this program first selected, and then evaluated, potential wear resistant coatings which could be applied to either piston rings and/or cylinder liners " and provide, at 350 C under lubricated conditions, coefficients of friction below 0.1 and , wear rates of less than 25x 10.6mm/hour.The processes selected for applying the candidate wear resistant coatings to piston rings " and/or cylinder liners were plasma spraying, chemical vapor, physical vapor and low temperature arc w_por deposition techniques as well as enameling te_-hniques The adherence of each coating and application process selected to either cast iron (for potential cylinder liner coatings), H-13 tool steel or 17-4 PH stainless steel (for potential piston ring coatings) was delermined using a modified tensile pull adherence test. Except for two ceramic coating candidates, all the coatir_gs had acceptable adherence. The two plasma sprayed ceramic coatings which had unacceptable adherence had significantly low_.r thermal expansion coefficients than the metallic substrates on which they were applied. A graded coating, containing various layers containing different ratios of metallic bond coat t_ ceramic, was devised for these to coatings to gradually reduce these differences in thermal expansion. These graded coatings had significantly improved adherence.
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