A longstanding goal in neuroscience has been to image membrane voltage across a population of individual neurons in an awake, behaving mammal. Here, we report a genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicator, SomArchon, which exhibits millisecond response times and compatibility with optogenetic control, and which increases the sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

Striatal pavalbumin (PV) and cholinergic (CHI) interneurons are poised to play major roles in behavior by coordinating the networks of medium spiny cells that relay motor output. However, the small numbers and scattered distribution of these cells has made it difficult to directly assess their contribution to activity in networks of MSNs during behavior. Here, we build upon recent improvements in single cell calcium imaging combined with optogenetics to test the capacity of PVs and CHIs to affect MSN activity and behavior in mice engaged in voluntarily locomotion. We find that PVs and CHIs have unique effects on MSN activity and dissociable roles in supporting movement. PV cells facilitate movement by refining the activation of MSN networks responsible for movement execution. CHIs, in contrast, synchronize activity within MSN networks to signal the end of a movement bout. These results provide new insights into the striatal network activity that supports movement.

OBJECTIVE-Preimplantation factor (PIF) is a novel, 15 amino acid peptide, secreted by viable embryos. This study aims to elucidate PIF's effects in human endometrial stromal cells (HESC) decidualized by estrogen and progestin, which mimics the pre-implantation milieu, and in first trimester decidua cultures (FTDC).STUDY DESIGN-HESC or FTDC were incubated with 100nM synthetic PIF or vehicle control. Global gene expression was analyzed using microarray and pathway-analysis. Proteins were analyzed using quantitative mass-spectrometry, and PIF binding by ProtoArray. RESULTS-Gene and proteomic analysis demonstrate that PIF affects immune, adhesion and apoptotic pathways. Significant upregulation in HESC (fold-change) include: NF-k-β activation via IRAKBP1 (53); TLR5 (9); FKBP15 protein (2.3); DSCAML1 (16). BCL-2 was downregulated in HESC (21.1) and FTDC (27.1). ProtoArray demonstrates PIF interaction with intracellular targets insulin degrading enzyme and beta-K+ channels.CONCLUSION-PIF displays essential multi-targeted effects, of regulating immunity, promoting embryo-decidual adhesion, and regulating adaptive apoptotic processes.

Highlights d One-photon calcium imaging of brain activity can suffer from neuropil crosstalk d Targeting GCaMPs to the cell body reduces neuropil crosstalk d One-photon imaging of somatic GCaMP reduces artifactual spikes and correlations d Somatic GCaMPs can be used in multiple species, such as mice and zebrafish

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