Much attention recently has focused on drugs that prolong the QT interval, potentially leading to fatal cardiac dysrhythmias (e.g., torsade de pointes). We provide a detailed review of the published evidence that supports or does not support an association between drugs and their risk of QT prolongation. The mechanism of drug-induced QT prolongation is reviewed briefly, followed by an extensive evaluation of drugs associated with QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, or both. Drugs associated with QT prolongation are identified as having definite, probable, or proposed associations. The role of the clinician in the prevention and management of QT prolongation, drug-drug interactions that may occur with agents known to affect the QT interval, and the impact of this adverse effect on the regulatory process are addressed.
It has been previously proposed that distal humerus morphology may reflect the locomotor pattern and substrate preferred by different primates. However, relationships between these behaviors and the morphological capabilities of muscles originating on these osteological structures have not been fully explored. Here, we present data about forearm muscle architecture in a sample of 44 primate species (N = 55 specimens): 9 strepsirrhines, 15 platyrrhines, and 20 catarrhines. The sample includes all major locomotor and substrate use groups. We isolated each antebrachial muscle and categorized them into functional groups: wrist and digital extensors and flexors, antebrachial mm. that do not cross the wrist, and functional combinations thereof. Muscle mass, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), reduced PCSA (RPCSA), and fiber length (FL) are examined in the context of higher taxonomic group, as well as locomotor/postural and substrate preferences. Results show that muscle masses, PCSA, and RPCSA scale with positive allometry while FL scales with isometry indicating that larger primates have relatively stronger, but neither faster nor more flexible, forearms across the sample. When accounting for variation in body size, we found no statistically significant difference in architecture among higher taxonomic groups or locomotor/postural groups. However, we found that arboreal primates have significantly greater FL than terrestrial ones, suggesting that these species are adapted for greater speed and/or flexibility in the trees. These data may affect our interpretation of the mechanisms for variation in humeral morphology and provide information for refining biomechanical models of joint stress and movement in extant and fossil primates. Anat Rec, 301:484-495, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medical Association (AMA) to facilitate quality-improvement activities by physicians. The performance measures contained in this PPMS are not clinical guidelines, do not establish a standard of medical care, and have not been tested for all potential applications. While copyrighted, they can be reproduced and distributed, without modification, for noncommercial purposes-for example, use by healthcare providers in connection with their practices. Commercial use is defined as the sale, license, or distribution of the performance measures for commercial gain, or incorporation of the performance measures into a product or service that is sold, licensed, or distributed for commercial gain. Commercial uses of the PPMS require a license agreement between the user and the AMA (on behalf of the Consortium) or the ACCF or the AHA. Neither the AMA, ACCF, AHA, the Consortium, nor its members shall be responsible for any use of this PPMS.The measures and specifications are provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. (Circulation. 2011;124:248 -270.) © 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, Inc., and American Medical Association. Limited proprietary coding is contained in the measure specifications for convenience. Users of the proprietary code sets should obtain all necessary licenses from the owners of these code sets. The AMA, the ACCF, the AHA, the Consortium, and its members disclaim all liability for use or accuracy of any Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) or other coding contained in the specifications.CPT PreambleOver the past decade, there has been an increasing awareness that the quality of medical care delivered in the United States, defined as the delivery of effective, timely, safe, equitable, efficient, and patient-centered medical care, has the potential for improvement. 1 Consistent with this focus on healthcare quality, the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have taken a leadership role in defining "what works in medicine" with their ACCF/AHA guidelines statements, as well as in developing performance measures that define what should or should not be done in the care of patients with cardiovascular disease (Table 1).The ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures was originally formed in February 2000 and was charged with identifying the clinical topics appropriate for the development of performance measures and with assembling writing committees composed of clinical and methodological experts. When appropriate, these writing committees have included representation from other organizations involved in the care of patients with the condition of focus. The writing committees are informed about the methodology of performance measure development 2 and are instructed to construct measures for broad use that meet these criteria. The writing committees also are directed to strive to create measures that minimize responder burdens and that are aligned with national standards so as to promote harmony among measures.Perf...
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