Flavonoids capture and neutralize the oxidative agents, and quench free radicals. The peel which represents almost one half of the fruit mass has been found to be the main sources of total phenols and flavonoids in the citrus fruit. In present study, flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts from some selected citrus fruit peels grown in Ethiopia were determined. Colorimetric aluminum chloride was used for flavonoid content determination. In vitro antioxidant properties of the citrus fruit peels were determined by measuring DPPH and Nitric Oxide radical scavenging activity, and reducing power. The study result showed that lemon peel contained significantly the highest flavonoid content (8.88 ± 0.621 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of extract) at 100 µg/ml concentration. When compared to vitamin C used as standard, lemon peel extract showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging of 75.60 ± 2.4 %. Lime peel extract showed highest (0.38 ± 0.01) reducing power activity at 1000 µg/mL concentrations. Strong linear correlations was observed between flavonoid contents of selected citrus peel extract and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (r = 0.975, p = 0.025). Overall, in vitro antioxidant potential of citrus fruit peels extract grown in Ethiopia was confirmed and correlation between in vitro antioxidant activity and flavonoid content of citrus peel extract showed different trends. Further analysis is required to purify specific structure of flavonoid components of citrus fruit peel from Ethiopian cultivar using advanced purification techniques.
Homegarden is an intensive land use system involving the deliberate management of multipurpose trees and shrubs grown in intimate association with herbaceous species with diverse use value. The aim of this study was to assess species diversity and use of plant species in the homegardens including their seasonal variation. Four kebeles with distinct altitude were selected purposively, and fifteen homegardens were randomly selected for data collection from each kebele. The survey revealed that people of the study area use homgarden of size ranging from 0.1 to 1 hectare to cultivate plants of different use values. Overall, 62 plant species distributed in to 55 genera and 35 families were recorded in the study area. Habit wise, herbs had the highest number of species (34) followed by trees (15) and shrubs (9). Family Poaceae had the highest number of species (9) followed by Brassicaceae and Rutaceae with eight species in common, and Alliaceae and Lamiaceae with six species in common. Homegarden plant species were categorized in to seven main use categories. Comparison of species richness and diversity between Altitude and Season revealed that altitudinal and seasonal variation had significant effect on species richness and diversity. Although the local people of the study area seem to have culture of maintaining homegardens, they should be aware of diversifying plant species to maximize the use of homegardens.
This experiment was conducted to determine possibilities of synergism among insecticidal plants against Z. subfasciatus with a view of augmenting potency and reducing dosage rates. Leaf and seed powders of five insecticidal plants, namely Jatropha curcas (L.), Datura stramonium (L.), Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.), Schinus molle (L.) and Azadrachta indica (A. Juss) were mixed to 1% and 2%w/w unitary and binary formulations. The synthetic insecticide primiphos methyl at the rate of 0.1/100 gm grain dust and untreated grains were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Most binary formulation had better efficacy than their constituent unitary formulation especially at lower dosage rates. Synergistic combination of botanical powders resulted in highest adult mortality, F 1 progeny reduction and lowest weevil perforation index and weight loss comparable to chemical standard primiphos methyl. Among the botanical combinations, bean seeds treated with binary formulation of C. ambrosioides with D. stramonium, J. curcas and S. molle gave the best efficacy in controlling Z. subfasciatus. A. indica+C. ambrosioides 3.00 ± 1.73f 92.78 ± 3.89a 10.50 ± 5.44e 0.05 ± 0.05c A. indica+D. stramonium 4.33 ± 2.19e 91.67 ± 4.19a 7.00 ± 3.76e 0.17 ± 0.13c A. indica+J. curcas 3.33 ± 0.33f 92.59 ± 1.21a 10.45 ± 1.38e 0.18 ± 0.12c A. indica+S. molle 7.33 ± 0.88e 83.15 ± 4.38b 18.90 ± 2.49d 1.13 ± 0.11b C. ambrosioides+D. stramonium 1.33 ± 0.88f 97.59 ± 1.45a 3.04 ± 1.63e 0.00 ± 0.00c C. ambrosioides+J. curcas 1.67 ± 0.33f 96.48 ± 0.49a 4.49 ± 1.23e 0.00 ± 0.00c C. ambrosioides+S. molle 0.00 ± 0.00f 100.00 ± 0.00a 0.00 ± 0.00g 0.00 ± 0.00c D. stramonium+J. curcas 7.67 ± 1.20e 83.15 ± 3.05b 8.63 ± 1.54e 0.18 ± 0.09c D. stramonium+S. molle 8.00 ± 1.15e 82.59 ± 2.59b 12.17 ± 1.73e 0.35 ± 0.10c J. curcas+S. molle 4.67 ± 1.20e 90.37 ± 1.03a 12.02 ± 0.84e 0.22 ± 0.09c Primiphos methyl 0.33 ± 0.33f 99.26 ± 0.74a 1.19 ± 1.19f 0.04 ± 0.04c Control (untreated) 47.00 ± 7.00a 0.00 ± 0.00f 50.00 ± 0.00a 1.5 ± 0.41a 1% w/w 2% w/w A. indica 96.67 ± 1.12a* 95.00 ± 2.46a C. ambrosioides 98.75 ± 0.65a 97.92 ± 0.96a D. stramonium 97.08 ± 1.14a 97.50 ± 0.75a J. curcas 95.42 ± 1.14a 97.92 ± 0.74a S. molle 98.75 ± 0.65a 97.08 ± 1.68a A. indica+C. ambrosioides 96.67 ± 1.98a 96.67 ± 1.55a A. indica+D. stramonium 95.00 ± 1.51a 96.67 ± 1.67a A. indica+J. curcas 92.50 ± 1.90a 97.08 ± 1.79a A. indica+S. molle 97.92 ± 0.94a 96.67 ± 1.12a C. ambrosioides+D. stramonium 92.92 ± 1.99a 94.58 ± 2.42a C. ambrosioides+J. curcas 97.50 ± 1.44a 99.17 ± 0.56a C. ambrosioides+S. molle 96.25 ± 1.52a 97.50 ± 1.44a D. stramonium+J. curcas 94.58 ± 1.68a 98.33 ± 0.94a D. stramonium+S. molle 95.42 ± 1.44a 97.92 ± 1.14a J. curcas+S. molle 93.33 ± 1.88a 95.83 ± 1.72a Primiphos methyl 98.33 ± 0.71a 98.33 ± 0.71a Control (untreated) 97.92 ± 0.96a 97.92 ± 0.96a F-value 2.03 0.69 P-value P=0.5308 P=0.7992 * Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different using Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test (P<0.05). The data was analyzed by ANOVA using GLM proce...
The aim of this study was to obtain the optimal Mix ratio for biogas production from anaerobic digestion of Parthenium weed and goat manure. The experiment was batch operated and daily gas yield from the plant was monitored for 30 days. The Parameters studied were total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), fixed solids, organic carbon, and moisture content. For the experimental design, different mix ratios were adopted for the five digesters employed. In this case, for the first digester, 100% goat manure was used. For the 2 nd digester 75%GM and 25% PW were used. The 3 rd digester was filled with GM and PW in 1:1 ratio. The 4 th digester contained 25%GM and 75% PW. the last digester contained only PW. The gas production rate was measured on daily basis using water displacement method. Gas production was noticed in all of the substrates types from the second and third day of digestion and went to zero at about 28 days in all digesters. The experimental data shows a greatest gas output of 572.5ml of gas production in the mix ratio of 75%GM and 25% PW, suggesting this mix ratio of the two substrates is an optimal mix to yield the highest biogas production. All measured TS, VS, PH, organic carbon and moisture content were significantly varied between before and after AD. Overall results indicates that the biogas yield and VS and TS reduction can be significantly enhanced when GM and PW are co digested.
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