Background: Aminoglycosides, particularly gentamicin, endure crucial antibiotics in the armamentarium for severe Gram-negative bacterial infections through their significant risk for nephrotoxicity. Co-administration of several applicant nephroprotective agents has been investigated at the preclinical level. Garlic was proved to be an oxidative stress combatant with unique antioxidant potential. Aim of the work:To assess renal cortex structural changes due to gentamicin treatment and the role of the aqueous garlic extract (AGE) in ameliorating these changes. Material and methods: Thirty-two male albino rats were assigned into four equal groups. Group I (Control group) received 0.9% NaCl solution through oral gavage in the same volume as in AGE-treated group. Group II (AGE treated group) received AGE by oral gavage at 250 mg/ kg/day. Group III (Gentamicin treated group) received Gentamicin at 80 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally. Group IV (Gentamicin and AGE cotreated group) received both gentamicin and AGE. The duration of the treatment was 21 days. Specimens of renal cortex of all groups were processed for light microscopic examination. Specimens were additionally prepared for electron microscopic examination. Morphometric study and statistical analysis were performed. Results: Examination of the renal cortex in the gentamicin treated rats showed both proximal and distal tubular necrosis, vacuolation, desquamation and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration. Masson's trichrome staining revealed intense deposition of collagen fibers. Strong positive immunoreaction for caspase-3 was observed. Ultrastructurally, the glomerulus showed thickened basement membrane, destructed endothelium. Proximal and distal convoluted tubular cells exhibited vacuolations, distorted mitochondria and nuclear chromatin condensation with loss of microvilli. AGE ameliorated these changes. Conclusion: Aqueous garlic extract ameliorates the histological changes caused by gentamicin in the rat renal cortex.

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Background: One of the popular painkillers, paracetamol is thought to be safe for use in pregnant women, and nursing mothers. Objectives: To observe the effect of paracetamol on the development of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in albino rats and to evaluate the protective effect of silymarin. Material and Methods: Forty pregnant rats were divided randomly into four equal groups: Group A: received nothing. Group B: was given silymarin at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight orally once daily. Group C: was given paracetamol at a dose of 350 mg/kg body weight orally once dailly. Group D: was given paracetamol and silymarin. Treatment started at the sixth day of the gestation until the end of lactation. After weaning, the pups received the same regimen until the age of three months. The offspring were selected from each group at the following ages: 1 day, 21 days and 3 months The mPFC was processed for light, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: Paracetamol exposure led to hypocellularity in different layers of mPFC, shrunken pyramidal neurons, vacuolated neuropil, weak SYN immunoreaction and a decrease in the number of pyramidal cells and thickness of the mPFC. Silymarin coadministration induced a partial restoration of normal arrangement of the mPFC, the cytoarchitecture of pyramidal neurons, SYN immunoreaction as well as an increase in the number of the pyramidal cells and thickness of the mPFC. Conclusion: Paracetamol treatment caused neuronal damage in the mPFC. Silymarin appeared to be beneficial in protecting mPFCʼ structure.

INTRODUCTIONThe suprarenal cortex consists of three distinctive zones, each having an imperative function. The zona glomerulosa secretes aldosterone, which modulates body electrolyte balance, the zona fasciculata, secretes glucocorticoids which modulate immune and metabolic functions and the zona reticularis that produce androgens (Merlo, et al., 2016) The herbicide, Roundup consists of glyphosate, as an active ingredient, and the surfactant, polyoxyethyleneamine, (Olah, et al.,2022). Owing to its high-water solubility, it is considered a broad-spectrum herbicide that is broadly used. It controls weeds, emerged grasses and cultures for example soy, corn and rice (Williams et al.,2000).