CRF55_01B is a relatively "young" HIV strain. At present, we do not know much about its transmission characteristics in China. So, to describe the transmission characteristics of CRF55_01B strain among provinces and HIV infected people, and to analyze the reasons for its rapid epidemic in China, a total of 1237 subjects infected with CRF55_01B from 31 provinces spanning a period of 12 years from 2007 to 2018 were enrolled in this study. By constructing a molecular network and Bayesian correlation analysis, we found that CRF55_01B increased exponentially from 2005 to 2009 after its origin in Shenzhen, and increased rapidly after 2010. CRF55_01B began to spread to other provinces in 2007. After 2010, the strain showed a trend of rapid spread and epidemic from Guangdong-Shenzhen to other provinces in China. Guangdong,
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious threat to global public health and social and economic development. Various vaccine platforms have been developed rapidly and unprecedentedly, and at least 16 vaccines receive emergency use authorization (EUA). However, the causative pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continued to evolve and mutate, emerging lots of viral variants. Several variants have successfully become the predominant strains and spread all over the world because of their ability to evade the pre-existing immunity obtained after previous infections with prototype strain or immunizations. Here, we summarized the prevalence and biological structure of these variants and the efficacy of currently used vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 variants to provide guidance on how to design vaccines more rationally against the variants.
Introduction: With the expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV drug resistance is becoming more and more serious. This study describes the changing prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) among newly diagnosed individuals in China, 2015 and 2018.Methods: A total of 8,980 individuals in 2015 and 2018 from 31 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) were enrolled in this study. Viral RNAs were amplified and sequenced using an in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol. The Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database (HIVdb) was used to predict susceptibility to 12 antiretroviral drugs.Results: The prevalence of TDR was not significantly increased over time. The prevalence of TDR was 3.8% and 4.4% in 2015 and 2018, respectively (P=0.13). The prevalence of CRF55_01B increased from 2.3% in 2015 to 3.9% in 2018 (P<0.001). The drug resistance prevalence of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) increased from 2.4% in 2015 to 3.3% in 2018 (P<0.01). The prevalence of E138 (P<0.001), H221 (P=0.03), and V179 (P<0.001) mutations increased from 0.30%, 0.09%, and 0.70% in 2015 to 1.10%, 0.30%, and 1.70% in 2018, respectively.Conclusions: HIV drug resistance affects the effect of antiretroviral treatment, so the monitoring of HIV TDR should be strengthened to control the transmission of HIV drug resistance.
The prevalence of CRF07_BC is 39.7% and has become the most infectious HIV strain in China. To study the transmission and diffusion trajectory of CRF07_BC in China and to prevent further expansion of its transmission. A total of 16,635 sequences of the CRF07_BC pol gene were collected from 1997-2020. We characterized the gene subtypes according to a phylogenetic tree analysis. A 0.50% molecular network was constructed to analyze the transmission relationship among different provinces for CRF07_BC and its two epidemic clusters. Spatial and temporal propagation characteristics were analyzed according to phylogeographic analysis. Finally, we evaluated the differences in transmission of CRF07_BC-O, and CRF07_BC-N. Our dataset included 8,816 sequences of CRF07_BC-N and 7,819 sequences of CRF07_BC-O. There were 7,132 CRF07_BC sequences in the molecular network, and the rate of clustered was 42.9%. Compared to CRF07_BC-O, CRF07_BC-N showed significantly (P<0.001) higher transmission-specific rates. CRF07_BC originated among injecting drug users (IDUs), and spread to men who have sex with men (MSMs) and heterosexual individuals (HETs), while MSMs also transmitted directly to HETs. CRF07_BC-O and CRF07_BC-N were prevalent in Xinjiang and Sichuan, respectively, before spreading interprovincially. In modern China, CRF07_BC-N occurs in five of the major economic zones. The CRF07_BC strain, which has contributed to the highest number of HIV infections in China, is divided into two epidemic clusters. Compared with CRF07_BC-O, risk of transmission is much greater in CRF07_BC-N, which is predominantly prevalent in economically developed provinces, and both MSMs and IDUs have transmitted this epidemic cluster to HETs. High-resolution, large-scale monitoring is a useful tool in assessing the trend and spread of the HIV epidemic. The rapidly developing economy of China requires an equally rapid response to the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
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