Local Burden of Disease Child Growth Failure Collaborators* Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally 1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood 2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0-59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards 3-5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-forage , weight-for-height, or weight-forage z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization's median growth reference standards for a healthy population 6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces) 7 ; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes 8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa 9 , here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped highspatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live 1 , aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrativelevel units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas even within nations otherwise succeeding in reducing overall CGF prevalence. By highlighting where the highest-need populations reside, these geospatial estimates can support policy-makers in planning interventions that are adapted locally and in efficiently directing resources towards reducing CGF and its health implications. Despite improvements in nearly all LMICs, stunting remained the most widespread and prevalent indicator of CGF throughout the study period. Overall, estimated childhood stunting prevalence across LMICs decreased from 36.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 32.8-41.4%) in 2000 to 26.6% (21.5-32.4%) in 2017. Progress was particularly noticeable in Central America and the Caribbean, Andean South America, North Africa, and East Asia regions, and in some coastal central and western sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, where most areas with estimated stunting prevalence of at least 50% in 2000 had reduced to 30% or less by 2017 (Fig. 1a, b). By 2017, zones with the highest prev...

No abstract

Employees who hold collectivistic values care more about the interests of their group or collective than do their individualistic counterparts. We examined the potential effects of the combination of individual values, nations, and job satisfaction on organizational citizenship behaviours among 308 public school teachers in China, Kuwait, and the United States. Collectivist values of employees predicted their organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs). Both collectivistic values and country moderated the relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. Job satisfaction was more positively related to OCB directed at the organization for employees in China and Kuwait than for employees in the United States, but job satisfaction was more positively related to OCB directed toward individuals for employees who were lower in collectivism. This study is one of the few that has tested the potential role of individuals' collectivism values in their performance of helping behaviours at work across multiple countries.

Motivation: In the human genome, 'CpG islands', CG-rich regions located in or near gene promoters, are normally unmethylated. However, in cancer cells, CpG islands frequently gain methylation, resulting in silencing of growth-limiting tumor suppressor genes. To our knowledge, the potential relationship between CpG island hypermethylation, transcription factor (TF) binding in local promoter regions and transcriptional control has not been previously explored in a genome-wide context. Results: In this study, we utilized bioinformatics tools and TF binding site(TFBs) databases to globally analyze sequences methylated in a laboratory model for the development of drug-resistant cancer. Our results demonstrated that four TFBS were enriched in hypermethylated sequences. More interestingly, overrepresentation of these TFBS was observed in hyper-/hypo-methylated sequences where significant changes in methylation levels were observed in drug-resistant cancer cells. In summary, we believe that these findings offer a means to further explore the relationship between DNA methylation and gene expression in drug resistance and tumorigenesis.