issn impreso 0250-7161 | issn digital 0717-6236 vol 45 | n o 136 | septiembre 2019 | pp. 209-232 | artículos | ©EURE Urbanismo Tático como teste do espaço público: o caso das superquadras de Barcelona resumo | Em 2013, a Prefeitura de Barcelona inicia um processo de transformação da mobilidade urbana com a proposta das superquadras. Mediante um projeto--piloto, ensaia a reunião de nove quadras do Plano Cerdá em uma unidade de 400 x 400 metros, cujo interior restringe o tráfego veicular ao uso dos vizinhos. Podemos interpretar a intervenção como uma ação de Urbanismo Tático, liderada pelo poder público e com limitada gama de atores envolvidos, caracterizada pela implantação em fases de teste. Este artigo parte do questionamento de sua relativa novidade; conceitua brevemente o Urbanismo Tático; e discute sua abordagem "fase zero" e seu potencial de combinar ações públicas e comunitárias. A análise do caso enfoca as etapas iniciais do projeto-piloto e as controvérsias geradas ao longo do processo. Reconhecendo que a proposta se baseia na requalificação do espaço público, a crítica principal está centrada na escolha do recorte e nos insuficientes processos participativos adotados. palavras-chave | espaço público, mobilidade, participação cidadã. abstract | In 2013, Barcelona City Hall started the transformation of urban mobility with the superblocks proposal. A pilot project tested the grouping of nine blocks of the Cerdá Plan in a unit of 400 x 400 meters, inside which traffic is restricted to neighbors.Characterized by an implementation in test phases, the intervention can be interpreted as an action of Tactical Urbanism, led by the public sector and with a small range of stakeholders. This article starts from the questioning of its relative novelty, conceptualizes Tactical Urbanism, and discusses its "phase zero" approach and the potential to combine public and community actions. The analysis focuses on the initial stages of the pilot and in the controversies generated throughout the process. Recognizing that the proposal is based on the requalification of public space, the main criticism focuses on the choice of the pilot project site and the inadequacy of the participatory processes.
resumen | El presente texto pretende indagar, en la larga duración, sobre el elenco de actores que intervienen en los procesos de producción del suelo urbano de la expansión de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y los cambios institucionales que se producen en las decisiones acerca de cómo debe ser la ciudad. A partir del análisis del eje Oeste de crecimiento de la ciudad en el periodo 1854-1950, desarrollamos una aproximación que pone en juego la combinación de directrices "desde arriba" acerca de cómo debe ser la ciudad (normativas, reparticiones técnicas), con los requerimientos "desde abajo" de los agentes locales. El estudio pone en evidencia que, mientras en el siglo xix los conflictos y negociaciones para el ajuste de las normativas a su materialización en el territorio se dirime entre los "vecinos", hacia finales de siglo, con una nueva organización institucional, comienza una creciente burocratización para consolidar los nuevos crecimientos, la cual resta protagonismo a los actores locales.palabras clave | áreas metropolitanas, expansión urbana, historia urbana. abstract | In this article, we explore the variety of actors involved in the process of production of urban land and the institutional changes produced by the decisions about how the city had to be. With the analysis of the urban growth along Buenos Aires' west axis for the period 1854-1950, we develop an approximation that shows the combination of "top-down" guidelines about how the city must look like (regulations, the role of technical offices) with "bottom-up" requirements from local agents. This reveals that, while in 19th century, the conflicts and negotiations for adjusting the regulations to the actual materialization of the city were solved among the neighbors, towards the end of the century, with a new institutional organization, an increasing bureaucratization in the consolidation of the new urban growth began, which diminished notoriety to local actors. keywords | metropolitan areas, urban sprawl, urban history.
The urbanization process in Argentina began with the installation of the first permanent settlement in the territory in 1527. During the early colonial period, settlers tried to move inland rather than establish towns on the Atlantic coast. Therefore, the main axis of urbanization strengthened the connection between the central zone with Alto Peru, reinforcing part of the existing indigenous territorial connection. Colonial cities, established by small groups of between twenty and fifty people, such as Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, and Mendoza, established relations with the territories of Chile, Peru, and Paraguay. Indigenous resistance to colonization was powerful: several cities from the colonial era were not successful and needed to be moved or disappeared. Other experiences such as the Jesuit missions emerged as other models of colonization aside from the traditional one. In this territorial scheme, the coastal region was marginalized from the central nucleus. The ports of the coast and of Buenos Aires fulfilled a defensive military function, although they also served illicit traffic between the Atlantic and Potosí. However, this traffic increased over time, and Buenos Aires progressively gained importance. In 1776, Buenos Aires became the capital of the recently created Viceroyalty of the Rio de La Plata, as a result of the Bourbon reforms. Therefore, during the 18th century, its port was legally opened to overseas traffic, and its hinterland was incorporated into world trade. This initiated a change in the region’s center of gravity, which moved from the interior to the River Plate coast. In this period, the Crown’s interest shifted from the establishment of an imperial structure to securing the marginal areas of the empire through permanent populations with a plan of new settlements in the frontier. This interest remained even after the Independence from the Spanish Crown (1816), in the Republican period. During the 19th century, hundreds of towns were established across the territory, mainly focused on agricultural production or extractive activities. A series of highly important technical advances reached the country. The most relevant was the railway, built at the end of the 1850s and systematically extended from the 1870s. Its installation structured the territory and encouraged the creation of urban centers mainly in the central area of the Pampas. However, further types of colonization emerged related to products such as sugar or yerba mate in other regions of the country. Traditional colonial urban centers, converted into provincial capitals, started several reforms during the 19th century in order to adapt to the changes proposed by this new territorial structure and the new republican spirit. European immigration played a preponderant role in the country’s urban and productive development. The greater availability of workers, in addition to many other economic development actions, contributed to considerably increasing agricultural exports from the 1870s and positioned Argentina among the largest exporters of raw materials worldwide. The resulting system of urbanization had far-reaching consequences for the general functioning of the country in the following centuries.
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