The current study examines the impact of students' beliefs on using writing CF. By comparing students' contexts and investigating beliefs about written CF, this study investigated the topic from cognitive perspective on cognitive and social perspective. 163 university students at Khwaja Fareed UEIT, Pakistan were participants of this study. Students were placed into three groups: direct, indirect and metalinguistic CF (urban students) and two groups: direct and indirect CF (rural). Data collected through questionnaire and writing prompts in different pre and post-tests and delayed-post-tests were statically analyzed on SPSS version 28. Findings revealed that there were marginal differences in beliefs of both groups of the students and types of the written CF that is the most effective were different between urban and rural students. Besides, beliefs about written CF were found to impact uptake and retention of written CF more on rural students as compared to the urban students.
The study area comprises of humid and undifferentiated highland climates having total precipitation of52inches (1320mm) and fluctuation of -5.3inches or -134millimeters (1961-2014). The study area was a highly humidclimate in 1961, while recently it seems on the porch of sub-humid ambiance. The annual trends show depletion in theprecipitation concentration since 1980. Based on temperature, there are three types of temperature zones that are cool,cold and highlands. The maximum temperature recorded in June as well as July and reversed in January. The averagetemperature indicates a rise of 0.20C, which is higher during winters and converse in summers. The swell in the degreeof hotness enhanced the water anxiety as well as the recoil of glaciers and increased the rate of natural hazards. Thehydrology of the area is highly susceptible to the alteration in weather conditions in terms of glaciers retreat; fall inriver flow, sub-surface water, natural disasters, desiccation of ponds and water springs. The yearly runoff of the Swatriver reveals a decrease of -0.03 m3/Sec, while it is 12.4 m3/Sec in the Ghurband river (Shangla). It is concluded, thatthe yearly inclination of water runoff is contrary to mean temperature and directly proportional to precipitation. Themost frequent natural disasters of the study area comprise of earthquakes, floods, landslides, snow avalanches, forestfires and epidemics (hepatitis, stomachache, and cholera). These hazards can be minimized using well planning (top tobottom) for risk management, preparedness, vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies at the community level in the area.
Introduction: Bone marrow is the site of involvement of various neoplasms. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of various malignancies (Haematological and non-Haematological) in adults diagnosed on morphological examination of bone marrow. Materials and Methods: It was a single-centre, retrospective study conducted at the Department of Pathology, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi from January 2012 to December 2018. All patients above 15 years of age diagnosed as having Haematological or Non-Haematological malignancy involving bone marrow were included in the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17. Results: A total of 275 adult patients had malignancies involving bone marrow; 233 (84.7%) were females and 42 (15.3%) were males. Out of 275 patients, 50 (18.1%) patients had Acute Myeloid Leukaemia, 45 (16.3 %) had Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML), 41 (14.9 %) having Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 32 (11.6 %) having Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), 31 (11.2 %) having Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) and 27 (9.8 %) having Plasma cell Myeloma. Metastatic infiltrates were seen in 16 (5.8 %) patients. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) in 6 (2.1%), Essential Thrombocythaemia in 5 (1.8 %), Polycythaemia vera in 4 (1.4%), Primary myelofibrosis in 2 (0.7 %), Hodgkins Lymphoma in 2 (0.7 %), and Plasma Cell Leukaemia in 1 (0.3 %) patient were seen. Thirteen (4.7%) patients of Acute leukaemia and 6 (2.1%) patients of MPN required further testing by Immunophenotyping/Cytogenetics for a conclusive diagnosis. Conclusion: Leukaemias were the most common malignancies involving bone marrow, followed by Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, Plasma cell myeloma and Metastatic infiltrates. Morphology by light microscopy remains the single most useful tool for the diagnosis of malignancies, especially in under-resourced centres.
The study area comprises of humid and undifferentiated highland climates having total precipitation of52inches (1320mm) and fluctuation of -5.3inches or -134millimeters (1961-2014). The study area was a highly humidclimate in 1961, while recently it seems on the porch of sub-humid ambiance. The annual trends show depletion in theprecipitation concentration since 1980. Based on temperature, there are three types of temperature zones that are cool,cold and highlands. The maximum temperature recorded in June as well as July and reversed in January. The averagetemperature indicates a rise of 0.20C, which is higher during winters and converse in summers. The swell in the degreeof hotness enhanced the water anxiety as well as the recoil of glaciers and increased the rate of natural hazards. Thehydrology of the area is highly susceptible to the alteration in weather conditions in terms of glaciers retreat; fall inriver flow, sub-surface water, natural disasters, desiccation of ponds and water springs. The yearly runoff of the Swatriver reveals a decrease of -0.03 m3/Sec, while it is 12.4 m3/Sec in the Ghurband river (Shangla). It is concluded, thatthe yearly inclination of water runoff is contrary to mean temperature and directly proportional to precipitation. Themost frequent natural disasters of the study area comprise of earthquakes, floods, landslides, snow avalanches, forestfires and epidemics (hepatitis, stomachache, and cholera). These hazards can be minimized using well planning (top tobottom) for risk management, preparedness, vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies at the community level in the area.
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