In the present study, a three-dimensional numerical squid model was generated from a computed tomography images of a longfin inshore squid to investigate fluid flow characteristics around the squid. The threedimensional squid model obtained from a 3D-printer was utilized in digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) measurements to acquire velocity contours in the region of interest. Once the three-dimensional numerical squid model was validated with DPIV results, drag force and coefficient, required jet velocity to reach desired swimming velocity for the squid and propulsion efficiencies were calculated for different nozzle diameters. Besides, velocity and pressure contour plots showed the variation of velocity over the squid body and flow separation zone near the head of the squid model, respectively. The study revealed that viscous drag was nearly two times larger than the pressure drag for the squid's Reynolds numbers of 442500, 949900 and 1510400. It was also found that the propulsion efficiency increases by 20% when the nozzle diameter of a squid was enlarged from 1 cm to 2 cm.
Aim: The Irrigant flow dynamics has strong influence on the root canal cleaning effectiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of needle tilting angle on irrigant flow inside a prepared root canal during final irrigation with a side-vented needle using a validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. Methodology: To analyze the irrigant flow a CFD model with tilting angles of 0 and 2 degrees was created. The irrigant flow in the apical root canal was simulated. Computations were carried out for two selected flow rates of 0.26 and 0.78 mL/s to evaluate the velocity and turbulence quantities along the solution domain. Results: In addition to velocity and pressure distribution at the apex, wall shear stress distribution, vorticity and turbulent intensity results were obtained for needle tilting angle of 0 and 2 degrees. In the case of turbulent flows where the flow rate was higher, irrigation is better; however, higher apical pressures were observed for both tilting angles. Although the effect of tilting angle of two degrees for laminar flow was slightly better than zero degrees, the effect of tilting was significant for the turbulent flow case. Wall shear stress distribution, vorticity and turbulent intensity results were consistent with each other. Conclusions: A small tilting angle of 2 degrees had an effect on irrigation effectiveness which could be clearly observed from the wall shear stress, vorticity and velocity distribution results. The velocity distribution results obtained at the symmetry plane should be evaluated with the wall shear stress values together to observe the complete fluid dynamics structure inside the root canal.
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