Identification and distribution of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) in vegetable growing areas of Lakes Region in Turkey 1 Türkiye Göller Bölgesi sebze üretim alanlarında kök-ur nematodu türleri (Meloidogyne spp.)'nin tanılanması ve yaygınlıkları Gülsüm UYSAL 2* Mehmet Ali SÖĞÜT 2 İbrahim Halil ELEKCİOĞLU 3 Summary In this study, the distribution and characterization of root-knot nematode species collected from intensively vegetable growing areas of Lakes Region were determined by morphological, molecular and North Carolina Differential Host Test between September 2014 and December 2015. A total of 160 samples were collected and 83 (51.8%) were found to be infested with root-knot nematodes. Each population was cultured from a single egg mass taken from galled roots and multiplied on the susceptible tomato cv. Tueza F1. Sixty-eight populations were morphologically identified based on perineal patterns and morphometrics of second stage juveniles, and molecularly determined using species specific primers. Of the 68 populations analyzed, 66 were identified as Meloidogyne incognita (25), M. hapla (22), M. javanica (18) and M. arenaria (1), and two populations were not identified. The incidence of M. incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica and M. arenaria was 36.7, 32.3, 36.5 and 1.5%, respectively. According to the differential host test, M. incognita races 2, 4 and 6 and M. javanica races 1 and 3 were determined. This was the first detection of Meloidogyne javanica race 3 in Turkey. Eighty four percent of the M. incognita populations were found in microclimatic areas with altitudes of up to 800 m, while 16% were found at altitudes between 800 and 1035 m. Some M. javanica populations (17%) were found in high plateau fields in this region, whereas most (83%) were found in lowlands. In contrast, the large majority of M. hapla populations (91%) of were found in cool, high altitude areas with sandy soils, whereas only 9% of M. hapla populations were in lowlands.
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.; RKN) are one of the most important pathogens of vegetables in Turkey. Assessing the existing virulent RKN populations is of importance for pathogen mapping in the west Mediterranean region of Turkey. Therefore, 95 populations of RKN were collected from different protected vegetable-growing locations in the region. Pure cultures were obtained and identified by means of species-specific primers. Virulence of the populations against the Mi-1 gene conferring resistance to Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria was determined according to their egg masses and gall rating on resistant and susceptible tomato varieties. Results showed that seven populations of M. incognita and six populations of M. javanica were able to overcome the resistance controlled by the Mi-1 gene. The frequency of virulent populations of M. incognita and M. javanica collected from different protected-grown vegetables was 11.7% and 21.4%, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of populations of RKN virulent to the Mi-1 gene in Turkey.
Natural root-knot nematode resistance genes are unique resources to control this major pest in pepper (Capsicum annuum). Although four genes (Me1, Me3, Me7 and N) conferring broad-spectrum resistance were mapped to a cluster in a 28-cm interval on chromosome P9, limited markers targeting this region were available. In the present study, the Megene cluster was structurally annotated for resistance genes to develop markers targeting the N gene. As a result, the Me-gene cluster (4.07 Mb in size) was found to contain three resistance gene hotspots. In addition, a SSR maker tightly linked to the N gene (0.8 cM away) was developed for marker-assisted selection in pepper.
SummaryTomato is one of the most important vegetables cultivated worldwide. Many pests and pathogens cause significant yield decline in growing fields. Root-knot nematodes are known to be devastating pathogens on tomato. Resistant varieties carrying Mi-1 gene have been effectively used to control of root-knot nematodes. However, the efficiency of Mi-1 has been especially restricted by virulent root-knot nematode populations in cultivated tomatoes. Therefore, new resistant genetic varieties are required in growing fields. Heat-stable wild tomato species are known to be resistance to Meloidogyne populations at high soil temperature. To our knowledge, there are limited studies on response of heat-stable materials to different virulent root knot nematode populations under 28 o C. In the present study, reactions of heat stable materials to different virulent isolates of M. incognita and M. javanica were investigated at 24 o C soil temperature. Results showed that these materials did not confer resistance against M. incognita and M. javanica virulent isolates. Therefore, searching of new genetic sources resistant to virulent root-knot nematodes is required for breeding program.Key words: Nematode, resistance, vegetable, virulence ÖzetDomates dünya çapında kültürü yapılan en önemli sebzelerden birisidir. Domates yetiştirilen alanlarda birçok zararlı patojen ve hastalık önemli ürün kayıplarına sebep olmaktadır. Kök-ur nematodları domatesin en önemli zararlısı olarak bilinmektedir. Mi-1 geni taşıyan dayanıklı çeşitler kök-ur nematodlarını kontrol etmede etkin şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Mi-1 geninin etkisi kültürü yapılan domateslerde, virülent kök-ur nematodları tarafından sınırlanmaktadır. Bu sebeple bu nematodlara dayanıklı yeni genetik çeşitlerin kullanılması gerekmektedir. Yüksek sıcaklığa dayanıklı yabani domates türlerinin yüksek sıcaklıkta Meloidogyne populasyonlarına dayanıklı olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu türlerin 28 o C'nin altındaki toprak sıcaklığında farklı virülent kök-ur nematod popülasyonlarına karşı tepkileri konusunda sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada M. incognita ve M. javanica'nın farklı virülent izolatlarına yüksek sıcaklığa dayanıklı materyallerin tepkileri 24 o C toprak sıcaklığında testlenmiştir. Sonuçlar bu materyallerin M. incognita ve M. javanica virulent izolatlarına karşı dayanıklılık sağlamadığını göstermiştir. Bu sebeple ıslah programları için virülent kök-ur nematodlarına dayanıklı yeni genetik kaynakların araştırılması gerekmektedir.
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