Background:It is over the last decade that research in this field of domestic violence has led to greater recognition of the issue as public health problem. The paper aims to study the prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual violence and potential risk factors of the women confronting violence within the home in India.Materials and Methods:A multicentric study with analytical cross-sectional design was applied. It covers 18 states in India with 14,507 women respondents. Multistage sampling and probability proportion to size were done.Results:The result shows that overall 39 per cent of women were abused. Women who have a lower household income, illiterate, belonging to lower caste, and have a partner who drinks/bets, etc. found to be important risk factors and place women in India at a greater risk of experiencing domestic violence.Conclusion:As India has already passed a bill against domestic violence, the present results on robustness of the problem will be useful to sensitize the concerned agencies to strictly implement the law. This may lead to more constructive and sustainable response to domestic violence in India for improvement of women health and wellbeing.
Domestic violence can result in many negative health consequences for women's health and well-being. Studies on domestic violence illustrate that abused women in various settings had increased health problems such as injury, chronic pain, gastrointestinal, and gynecological signs including sexually transmitted diseases, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. This article tries to understand the association between domestic violence and pregnancy outcomes and other health consequences. The study was carried out in all the six zones of India that is, northern, southern, eastern, western, central, and northeast zones. The study design was conceived as an analytical cross sectional study with multicenter approach. Multistage sampling and then probability proportion to size (PPS) sampling were done. A total of 18 states were taken for the study with a total sample of 14,507 married women and 14,108 married men. Married men were considered from the neighboring villages to understand men's perspective. To understand the situation, women were interviewed using semistructured questionnaire as well as qualitative data like FGD and case studies. The result shows that domestic violence occurs during pregnancy across six zones. The situations become worse for women if her husband or family perceived the pregnancy to be a female child and there is a demand for male child. It has major health implications in accessing and utilizing antenatal care and immunization.
Background & objectives:Inequity in the use of health care services is an important factor affecting the maternal and child survival. In southern Odisha, India, the health indicators remained below compared to the State and national average. This study identifies various equity issues at individual and community levels that influence women's choice affecting the utilization of maternal health services in a district in southern Odisha.Methods:A qualitative study was carried out in Gajam district, rural region of south Odisha. Ten in-depth interviews were carried out till data saturation with women having less than one year child and 10 focus group discussions with the average eight women in each group having less than five year old child, community and health care providers separately. A total of 120 respondents were included in the study using in-depth interview and focus group discussions.Results:The important determinants in utilization of health care services by women emerging from the study were transportation and financial constraints. In addition, it was found that divergent aetiological concepts and low perceived hospital benefits of the women and community were equally important determinants. Further, community had different perceptions and interpretations of danger signs influencing the risk approach and health care seeking behaviour.Interpretation & conclusions:Our findings show that to increase the utilization of health care services, the grass root health workers should be made aware of specific social determinants of risk, perceptions and preferences. More attention should be given to the transportation system, and its operational feasibility. The husband of the women and the elders of the family should be considered as an important unit of interjection. A more individualized antenatal consultation could be provided by taking into account women's perception of risk and their explanatory models.
The present study aims to analyze the role of social support in the lives of women survivors of domestic violence who filed a complaint with the Mahila Salah and Suraksha Kendra (MSSK) Alwar, India, while residing with the abusive husband and his family during the lockdown period of COVID-19. The study explores the role of MSSK with extended vulnerability of women during the lockdown period at large. This study adopts an exploratory qualitative method. A total of 36 married women who had filed a complaint with MSSK before and during the lockdown were included. Interviews with the women were held through telephonic conversations on vulnerability, coping mechanism and extent and forms of social support. Thematic content analysis was done in a stepwise manner. Results show that degeneration of social support model is time -bound and the accuracy of applying this model wane under extended condition of vulnerability caused due to COVID-19. MSSK can expand support by creating and integrating virtual community networks to detect and deter violence during the lockdown. The study suggests that the government can ensure and empower bystanders with skills of modern communication. The existing physical institutional delivery mechanism need to evolve strategies that are resilient to emerging threats from the vulnerable ecosystem.
Gender mainstreaming as a holistic strategy proposes to introduce the gender sensitivity and equality perspective to all policies at all levels and at all stages by changing the norms and practices that stand at the roots of gender inequality. Although Beijing platform prioritized gender mainstreaming to achieve gender equality and efforts by the women's movements to mainstream a gender perspective in public policy brought a change. However, implementation of gender mainstreaming strategy remains a challenging process because of different social and economic circumstances, policy cultures, different gender equality approaches of the state and countries. The article intends to discuss the process of development of gender issue resulted in shifting of policy particularly in India and the problematic process of implementation and putting into practice of the gender mainstreaming strategy. The key to placing gender values firmly at all levels and in all sectors, a change in philosophy requires conceptualization of gender within the culturally defined roles, constraints and potentialities. The article suggests that gender mainstreaming is underdeveloped as a concept and identifies a need to elaborate further on the areas of women's need, rights and the relationship between gender mainstreaming, policy and societal change.Vision 18(4) 309-315 term is generally useful in our day to day conversations, a clear cut distinction between the two words, sex and gender, has not been definitely established. The term gender and sex are used interchangeably, therefore, lead to confusion, lack of understanding and misconception, often lost of the reality of gender mainstreaming as a strategic tool towards development. A clear conceptual distinction between the two words sex and gender and associated concepts is particularly helpful for the holistic understanding and intervention of issues pertaining to gender. However, the discrepant use, lack of clarity, accountability, knowledge and skills among officials and policy makers on gender issues, or lack of tracking mechanisms increased the challenges of implementation. Gender mainstreaming has been the pursuit of segregated activities for women or targeted interventions to promote women's empowerment, whereas the essence of mainstreaming should be to infuse consideration of women's issues and gender equality into all policy development, research, advocacy, legislation, resource allocation, planning, implementation and monitoring of programmes and projects.Although robust population-based quantitative and qualitative data on various aspect of gender is available, it is unclear as to how these findings are being used in national planning systems to determine priorities and to develop evidence-based policies and programmes.
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