Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to understand the impact of virtualness on extra-role performance within software development teams and the moderating effect of task interdependence on this relationship. Design/methodology/approach -Data were collected from 192 software professionals from 33 software development teams. Teams were taken as the unit of analysis. Extra-role performance was measured using organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) scale and task interdependence within the team was measured by interdependence scale developed by Pearce and Gregersen. Virtualness was measured using an objective measure developed by the authors. Regression was used to study the moderation and main effects. Findings -Virtualness negatively influenced overall extra-role performance within the team. In terms of individual dimensions, virtualness had a negative influence on extra-role performances directed towards team as an entity (civic virtue and generalized compliance) but it had no impact over extra-role performances directed towards other team members (altruism and courtesy). Although task interdependence had a positive impact on OCBs, it did not moderate the relationship between virtualness and OCBs. Practical implications -The findings will help teams understand the need to manage virtualness within the team in order to increase extra-role performance among its members. Originality/value -The authors have developed an objective method to compute virtualness within the team context. The moderating effect of task interdependence on the relationship between virtualness and extra-role performance has been studied for the first time and is documented in this paper.

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The unavailability of process‐suitable cellulases and expensive cost prompted research on the economic production of proficient enzymes. Bacillus licheniformis K‐3, an isolate from degrading lignocellulosic biomass, can produce cellulose, possessing activity and stability over broad pH range (4.0–10) and at elevated temperature (40–90 °C). B. licheniformis K‐3 can be used to successfully utilize agricultural residues (such as wheat bran, corn waste, wheat straw, almond hulls, soybean meal, and mustard cake) as substrates for growth and cellulase production. The most effective fermentation variables (wheat bran, incubation time, and medium pH) have been earmarked on the basis of Plackett–Burman designed experiments and they were optimized by using response surface methodology to achieve a 7‐fold enhancement in the cellulase yield. Partially purified cellulase showed efficient saccharification potential for single‐phase sulphuric‐acid‐pretreated rice straw.

Eight hundred and twenty-nine adults, drawn from 12 locations in all four parts of India, participated in a study that explored the joint effects of Indians' discrepant mindset, context sensitivity, and quality of environment on their modes of behavior. Respondents also predicted how a person is likely to change his behavior when the conditions in which he works change from disabling to enabling. The fi ndings showed that the two most dominant modes of behavior-self-serving calculative and achieving high positive goalcoexisted, but were differently caused. Context sensitivity facilitated both modes of behavior; but adequate infrastructure and friendly and helpful people in the neighborhood encouraged only achieving high positive goal behavior. On the contrary, duplicity in professing desirable but acting under realistic compulsions, poor quality of environment, and low levels of development were conducive to self-serving calculative behavior. As a situation changed from disabling to enabling, a person was likely to shift towards more positive behavior.