Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The prevalence of hypertension is increasing in Bangladesh, especially in urban areas. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors in an urban area of Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving participants aged ≥ 25 years in an urban area in Dhaka between June-December 2012, using multi-stage random sampling. Data on socioeconomic status, tobacco use, physical activity, diet, extra-salt use, family history of hypertension, CVD, anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were collected using modified WHO-STEPS protocol. Hypertension and pre-hypertension were defined according to JNC-7. Multiple logistic regressions models were used to identify risk factors associated with hypertension. Results: The overall age-adjusted prevalence hypertension and pre-hypertension among 730 participants was 23.7% and 19%, respectively, which was higher among males compared to females (23.6% vs 21.71% and 21.7% vs 17.0%, respectively). Bivariate analysis showed significant relationship of hypertension with age, BMI, no physical activity, tobacco use, extra salt intake and family history of stroke/cardiovascular disease. In the multivariate model, factors significantly associated with hypertension were older age (OR 19.18, 95% CI 13.58–28.11), smoking (OR 3.47, 95% CI 2.85–5.19), extra salt intake (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–2.21), and high waist circumference (OR 3.41, 95% CI 2.81–5.29). Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was high among our study participants. Population-based intervention programs and policies for increased awareness about the risk factors, and life-style modification are essential for prevention of hypertension.
Wireless power transfer has experienced a rapid growth in recent years due to the need for miniature medical devices with prolonged operation lifetime. The current implants utilize onboard batteries as their main source of power. The use of batteries is not, however, ideal because they have constrained lifetime requiring periodic replacement. Energy can be supplied to the implantable devices through wireless power transfer approaches including inductive, ultrasonic, radio frequency, and heat. The implantable devices driven by energy harvesters can operate continuously, offering ease of use and maintenance. Inductive coupling is a conventional approach for the transmission of power to implantable devices. However, the inductive coupling approach is affected by tissue absorption losses inside the human body. To power implantable devices such as neural, cochlear, and artificial heart devices, the inductive coupling approach is being used. On the other hand, ultrasonic is an emerging approach for the transmission of power to implantable devices. The enhanced efficiency and low propagation loss make ultrasonic wireless power transfer an attractive approach for use with implantable devices. This paper presents a study on the inductive and ultrasonic wireless power transfer techniques used to power implantable devices. The inductive and ultrasonic techniques are analyzed from their sizes, operating distance, power transfer efficiency, output power, and overall system efficiency standpoints. The inductive coupling approach can deliver more power with higher efficiency compared to the ultrasonic technique. On the other hand, the ultrasonic technique can transmit power to longer distances. The advantages and disadvantages of both techniques as well as the challenges to implement them are discussed. INDEX TERMS Energy harvesting, implantable devices, wireless power transfer, inductive, ultrasonic, power transmission efficiency.
Ultralight graphene elastomer-based flexible sensors are developed to detect subtle vibrations within a broad frequency range. The same device can be employed as an accelerometer, tested within the experimental bandwidth of 20-300 Hz as well as a microphone, monitoring sound pressures from 300 to 20 000 Hz. The sensing element does not contain any metal parts, making them undetectable by external sources and can provide an acceleration sensitivity of 2.6 mV/g, which is higher than or comparable to those of rigid Si-based piezoresistive microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.