Chikungunya viruses from the 2017 outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh, were analysed phylogenetically. E1 sequences from 21 strains belonged to the Indian Ocean clade of the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype, forming a novel cluster with latest South Asian strains. They lacked the A226V substitution.
Human mobility connects populations and can lead to large fluctuations in population density, both of which are important drivers of epidemics. Measuring population mobility during infectious disease outbreaks is challenging, but is a particularly important goal in the context of rapidly growing and highly connected urban centers in low and middle income countries, which can act to amplify and spread local epidemics nationally and internationally. Here, we combine estimates of population movement from mobile phone data for over 4 million subscribers in the megacity of Dhaka, Bangladesh, one of the most densely populated cities globally. We combine mobility data with epidemiological data from a household survey, to understand the role of population mobility on the spatial spread of the mosquito-borne virus chikungunya within and outside Dhaka city during a large outbreak in 2017. The peak of the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Dhaka coincided with the annual Eid holidays, during which large numbers of people traveled from Dhaka to their native region in other parts of the country. We show that regular population fluxes around Dhaka city played a significant role in determining disease risk, and that travel during Eid was crucial to the spread of the infection to the rest of the country. Our results highlight the impact of largescale population movements, for example during holidays, on the spread of infectious diseases. These dynamics are difficult to capture using traditional approaches, and we compare our results to a standard diffusion model, to highlight the value of real-time data from mobile phones for outbreak analysis, forecasting, and surveillance.
Objective: Bankers lead a sedentary and highly stressful life that often leads to developing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes, mental disorders, etc. The study aims to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and prehypertension among bankers in Bangladesh. Methods: Data from 365 bankers from five public and private banks in Bangladesh were collected using a pretested semistructured questionnaire. Prehypertension was defined as having systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg. Multivariate logistic regression models were created to investigate the factors associated with them. Results: The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and prehypertension were 22.5% and 55.3%, respectively. Most of the bankers were males and 35-44 years of age. The risk of hypertension and prehypertension was significantly higher among males (OR, 16.59; OR, 6.42), longer duration of services (F, 3.56), prolonged working hours (OR, 3.8; OR, 3.09), smoking (OR, 6.18; OR, 3.43), overweight (OR, 6.81; OR, 2.41) and obese (OR, 8.94; OR, 3.36) bankers, respectively. After controlling for all confounders, the predictors of hypertension were males (aOR, 12.8; CI, 2.73- 60.02), current smokers (aOR,2.87; CI, 1.03-8), overweight (aOR,5.11; CI, 1.46-17.93), and obesity (aOR, 9.59; CI, 2.41-38.22). For prehypertension, males (aOR, 9.72; CI, 3.06- 30.87) and obesity (aOR, 3.95; CI, 1.52- 10.25) were found as predictors. Conclusion: More than three fourth of bankers in Bangladesh have either undiagnosed hypertension or prehypertension associated with several contributing factors to occur. A large-scale study is recommended to understand the clear picture of the overall NCD risk factors burden among bankers in Bangladesh.
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