The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of membrane technology to treat oxygen and peroxide-reinforced extraction stage (EPO) filtrate from a kraft pulp mill bleach plant. Three different types of tubular membranes were tested in a pilot plant: (i) tight ultrafiltration (UF); (ii) open UF followed by nanofiltration (UF+NF); and (iii) nanofiltration (NF). According to the separation performance, considering the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour removal, permeate flux, operational simplicity and cost, the results indicated that the best option for treatment of (EPO) filtrates was the tight UF membrane. This membrane obtained a COD removal of 79% with a colour reduction of 86%. The effect of (EPO) filtrate UF treatment on the mill effluent treatment plant was evaluated. Compared with the actual mill effluent, the results indicated that if the UF permeate was recycled in the bleaching area, the COD reduction efficiency increased by 7%, the final effluent colour decreased by 8%, the biological sludge production decreased by 18%, and the energy consumption decreased by 40%. In the tertiary treatment plant, the coagulant dosage decreased by 40%, and the tertiary sludge production decreased by 46%.
Nesse estudo foi avaliado o potencial de utilização de vibrações ultrassônicas e adição de xilanas para melhorar a qualidade do papel reciclado. Inicialmente, foi realizado um estudo de otimização do tratamento ultrassônico. Foram avaliadas as influências do pH, da consistência da massa e do tempo de tratamento. A consistência da massa não afetou significativamente os resultados. Entretanto, elevados tempos de tratamento e valores de pH intensificaram os efeitos da ultrassonificação. O tratamento ultrassônico melhorou as propriedades mecânicas do papel de forma semelhante ao refino em PFI, embora com menor intensidade. As ondas ultrassônicas atuam, principalmente, promovendo o desfibrilamento externo das fibras. Também foram investigados os impactos da adição de xilanas na polpa. Os resultados indicaram que, mesmo com pequenas dosagens de xilanas (10 g/kg), foi possível aumentar significativamente a resistência mecânica do papel. Dosagens acima de 50 g/kg não são justificáveis. As tecnologias de ultrassonificação e adição de xilanas evidenciaram grande potencial técnico para melhorar a qualidade do papel reciclado.
In integrated factories of pulp and paper, the bleaching control is made by kappa number and/or brightness. However, the product paper is evaluated and valued for its whiteness. The level of final brightness of pulp certainly affects the demand for optical brighteners in paper manufacturing, nevertheless, there is not a direct correlation between consumption of optical brightener and final brightness, being the method of bleaching pulp, especially from the final stage of bleaching, also important in relation to this demand. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of using the parameter whiteness as a tool to control bleaching pulp, instead of the traditional brightness and evaluate the impacts of different methods of bleaching and the pulp final brightness level in action of optical brighteners, to improve their performance. It was observed that the whiteness and brightness of the pulp are highly correlated and that the control of the bleaching plant can be done by any one of these two parameters. It was also concluded that, considering current prices of bleaching reagents and of optical brighteners, it is better to bleach the pulp up to lower brightness values (e.g. 88% ISO) and use larger amounts of optical brighteners to brighten the mass until the whiteness of 130 CIE. This conclusion is valid for whiteness measured before the size press. Further studies are needed to validate this conclusion considering the finished product.
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