Context. The electronic government has become a trend for transforming public management to comply with the performance of an efficient, modern state. The processes for public procurement and personnel recruitment represent an essential fraction of a country's public spending. Objective. Maturity models are tools for assessing different management dimensions resulting in some level of organizational maturity on an ordinal scale which can show null, partial, or total progress towards the desired state. This paper presents an e-government maturity model for public procurement and personnel recruitment processes, based on a literature review to determine the current state of research in the field. Methodology. We have used a known procedural model from Becker to support the design of the proposed model. Later on, we have tested it with government buyers and personnel recruiters. Findings. These initial results show that users understand the questionnaires designed for the study, and their answers allow us to obtain deep validation. A tool with these characteristics can be handy for measuring the degree of transparency in public entities, thus reducing corruption levels in their processes. Conclusion. This proposal describes the complexity of variables that influence the transparency of a socio-technical process in public tenders. We describe five levels of transparency for software procurement through development projects. These classifications enable the maturity levels of the transparency of electronic procedures used by government agencies to be measured in different dimensions. Implications. One of the crucial challenges to increasing a government's transparency is defining a regulatory or legal framework that regulates its processes and allows the levels of transparency or corruption to be measured in its different departments. Thus instruments and metrics play a crucial role in monitoring the expected change. With direct application in the industry, a model is an essential step for fundamental transparency in electronic governments.
The transparency of electronic procedures has become an important strategy to reduce corruption within state organizations and thus promote the sustainable and efficient management of fiscal resources, vital elements in the development of a country. E-government processes have become an important line of development, in which substantial investments have been made to have processes that allow for transparency in a large part of the country’s activities, specifically in the contracting and purchasing of public properties and services. The objective of the study is to present an overview of the work on initiatives that have been used around transparency and electronic procedures of electronic governments to identify which of these initiatives are associated with transparency and which effectively apply to electronic procedures for transparency to learn how these procedures allow for sustainable development of governments. The methodology used in this work was a systematic mapping of the literature, and the main findings suggest that this is a little-explored area.
Governments and private sectors currently procure software solutions for industry through public tender using mass distribution websites. This alternative organizes the demand and produces a large number of software tenders. Objective. The present study focuses on analyzing the texts of these documents to characterize them efficiently and explore a particular solution to the general problem known as ''to bid or not to bid.'' The tool is based on the automatic classification of speech acts, from where we generate different metrics from the Public Call Software Tender (PCST). Methodology. Our first approach was to use some analysis techniques suggested for Requirements Specifications. In particular, our interest focused on speech acts and the ontology-based on speech acts for analyzing requirements. These works focus on classifying software requirements in the early stages of the life cycle, which gave us a starting point for our work in PCST. We use our tool to analyze a set of four PCSTs downloaded from the Chilean Government's public purchases website for the validation stage. The automatic analysis consisted in categorizing and classifying the four PCST downloaded, obtaining the measured values of the variables used by the metrics. Results. An initial assessment shows that the results of this application agree with the proposals generated manually by expert analysts. Our proposal saves time and effort when looking for relevant tenders. Conclusion. We consider the theory of speech acts, which allows texts to be categorized from a pragmatic point of view. We propose a first version of an automatic text classifier based on characterizing speech acts accompanied by metrics. This tool will allow potential tenderers in a public call for software tenders to decide whether it is worth tendering for the call. Based on these assumptions, we propose to use the identification of speech acts in requirements specifications to calculate a set of metrics that will enable us not only to describe PCST but also to compare them.INDEX TERMS Public tender, software tenders, speech acts, requirements engineering, automatic classifier.
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